Method and apparatus for collection of fluid samples

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates in general to the improved containment of biological fluids. In particular, a method and apparatus for collection and preservation of fluid samples in accordance with the present invention results in collection of semen having improved viability both at the time of collection and after storage. The disclosed methods and apparatuses methods support a wide variety of applications for containment of biological fluids related to human and veterinary medicine including, but not limited to, human reproductive medicine and animal husbandry.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 63/046,347, entitled “IMPROVED SEMEN COLLECTION DEVICE,” filedon Jun. 30, 2020, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/364,792,entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COLLECTION OF FLUID SAMPLES,” filedon Jun. 30, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to the containment ofbiological fluids and, in specific embodiments, to collection of samplesof biological fluids in relation to the field of assisted reproductivetechnologies. In particular, a method and apparatus for collection andpreservation of fluid samples in accordance with the present inventionresults in collection of semen samples having improved viability both atthe time of collection and after storage. The disclosed methods andapparatuses support a wide variety of applications for containment of orcontact with biological fluids related to human and veterinary medicineand medical devices including, but not limited to, human reproductivemedicine and animal husbandry.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Assisted reproductive technologies were developed originally to treatindividuals with obstructed ovarian tubes, but have matured toprocedures which, according to the U.S. Center for Disease Control(2013), now accounts for up to 2% of the annual U.S. birth rate. Sincethe first human birth from in vitro fertilization in 1978, there havebeen significant improvements in stimulation protocols, fertilizationand culture techniques, use of donor gametes and embryos, and patientselection. Further, the use of pre-implantation geneticdiagnosis/pre-implantation genetic screening, an invasive harvesting ofcells for genetic screening, has allowed improved selection of embryosto avoid aneuploidy and other genetic defects. These improvementsresulted in constantly increasing pregnancy rates while allowing asteady decrease in the number of embryos transferred (Center for DiseaseControl, 25 2013).

U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,046, incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety, discloses the use of a method for collecting the semen of ananimal via a semen collection vessel having a semen extender solutioncapable of extending motility of collected semen. Such semen collectionvessel is capable of extending the life of spermatozoa, and furtherimproves conditions when utilized in connection with a semen extendersolution, which may contain several ingredients including, but notlimited to, nutrients to maintain its metabolic activity and to undergothe processes necessary for fertilization of the ova, proteins necessaryfor the sperm cells to grow and to mature into the spermatozoa, sugarsto provide the sperm with energy, antimicrobial agents to reducemicrobial contamination and prevent the spread of diseases that can betransported in the semen, and cryoprotectants to protect spermatozoafrom damage due to ice crystal formation when frozen. Thiswell-developed field has long-utilized semen extenders for improving thelife of the collected samples. However, with the increase ofcryopreservation, as well as the advancing state of the art inreproductive sciences, there remains a need for further enhancing thecollection and storage of semen for improved semen quality andprotection.

In addition to these traditional motivations, the recent pandemic hasresulted in behavioral changes promoting a need for improvedpreservation of semen samples. It has been found that a shift forcollection at clinic to at home for the population examined resulted inan increase in the time from collection to completed preparation. Thishas been shown to significantly effect the viability of useful spermsamples.

Therefore, there is a need for collection and/or storage containers,medical devices, and related processes that improve the viability ofsperm, in collected semen and/or extend the time period for which suchsperm remains viable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, the present disclosure relates to apparatuses and methodsfor collection, processing, and/or storage of biological fluidssusceptible to degradation by oxidation. In particular, apparatuses andmethods for collection and/or storage of mammalian semen samples aredisclosed herein. The invention is further directed to apparatus,collections device and other medical devices that control free oxygenradicals within a biological fluid, and where this biological fluid issperm, the amount of time available before a sperm must be used tofertilize an egg is increased.

In some embodiments, an apparatus for collection of fluids comprises afirst vessel. The first vessel includes an upper portion and a lowerportion. The upper portion is a wall, which can be of any suitableprofile. The lower portion is a reservoir having a volume and capacity.The wall and reservoir are joined such that the inner surface of thereservoir and the inner surface of the wall form a continuous surface. Asuitable profile for the wall is one that will be effective as acollection means to cause liquid entering the top of the first vessel tocollect in the reservoir by gravity flow. A portion or all of the innersurface of the reservoir, a portion or all of the inner surface of thewall, or a portion or all of the combined inner surface of the wall andreservoir, comprise an antioxidant in an amount effective to reduceoxidation damage to collected biological fluid, specifically semensamples. The apparatus can further include a lid suitable as sealableattachment to the first vessel. The inner surface of the lid can alsocomprise an antioxidant.

In some embodiments, an apparatus for collection of fluids comprises afirst vessel and a second vessel. In these embodiments, the first vesselis as described above, but additionally the first and second vessels areof sizes and shapes to permit the first vessel to be inserted into thesecond vessel. When so inserted, the upper edges of the first and secondvessels are proximate to one another and are substantially congruent. Insome embodiments, the upper edges of the first and second vessels areconnected or secured to one other by a threaded connection, a snapconnection, or other common means.

In some embodiments, the first vessel comprises a reservoir andoptionally a reservoir seal means.

In some embodiments, the medical device for collecting, storing, and/orprocessing biological fluids has at least one component having a surfaceto which the biological fluid contact, wherein the surface comprises anantioxidant in an amount sufficient to reduce oxidation degradation ofthe biological fluid.

In some embodiments, in addition to any or all of the above attributes,the first vessel, second vessel, reservoir seal means, and/or lid cancomprise a polymer, preferably a thermoplastic. In some embodiments, anypolymer that can be molded can be used for fabrication of the firstvessel, second vessel, reservoir seal means, and/or lid.

In some embodiments, in addition to any or all of the above attributes,a polymer, composition, preferably a thermoplastic, or in some cases athermoset, composition, is provided wherein the composition has asurface comprising an antioxidant in an amount effective to reduce orslow oxidative degradation of a fluid in contact with the surface. Insome embodiments, the amount of any one or more antioxidant in thepolymer or thermoplastic composition is less than 0.1 weight percentbased on the total weight of the composition.

In some embodiments, a method for collecting and/or storing semencomprises contacting semen with a surface comprising a thermoplasticcomposition having one or more antioxidant.

In some embodiments, an apparatus for collecting and/or storing semen ismanufactured from a thermoplastic composition containing an antioxidantunder heat sufficient to form a thermoplastic melt suitable forinjection molding, blow molding, or roto-molding, respectively. In someembodiments, an apparatus for collecting and/or storing semen ismanufactured by bonding a layer of a thermoplastic compositioncomprising an antioxidant to the inner surface of a vessel.

In another embodiment, a polymer and an antioxidant are made into afilm, where the film is applied to the inner surface of a vessel forcollecting and/or storing a biological or bodily fluid. The film can beapplied by any method including thermal lamination or application ofadhesive or by dissolving a polymer in a solvent along with anantioxidant, applying the solvent to the target surface and evaporatingthe solvent to leave an adhered polymer film layer. In some embodiments,in addition to the above attributes, the first antioxidant is chemicallyand/or physically bonded to the first inner surface in any mannereffective to produce active antioxidant species on the surface. Methodsto accomplish this include but are not limited to blending anantioxidant into a polymer from which the vessel is formed, laminating aantioxidant-containing film to the surface (either thermally or byadhesive), by extrusion of an antioxidant-containing polymer onto thesurface, or by dissolving a polymer in a solvent along with anantioxidant, applying the solvent to the target surface and evaporatingthe solvent to leave an adhered polymer film layer.

In the embodiments above, the apparatus is manufactured from one or morepolymer compositions that comprise one or more antioxidants from thegroup consisting of: phenolics, aromatic amines, sterically hinderedamines, hydroxylamines, phosphites and phosphonites. In one preferredembodiment, the antioxidants are one or more of aromatic amines andsterically hindered amines, most preferably sterically hindered amines.In yet another embodiment, where the antioxidant is a phenolic it ispreferable that the phenolic antioxidant has one or more of: a molecularweight greater than or equal to 600, 700, or 800 grams/mole; a meltingtemperature greater than or equal to 60° C., 70° C., or 80° C.; and alinear molecular structure substantially free of sidechains. In yetanother embodiment, the amount of any one of the above antioxidantsbased on the total weight of the polymer and antioxidant is less than0.1 weight percent, preferably less than 0.05 weight percent. In stillyet another embodiment the total weight percent of all antioxidantswithin the polymer composition (including antioxidant) of the inventionis less than 0.25 weight percent, preferably less than 0.2 weightpercent, more preferably less than 0.15 weight percent and mostpreferably less than 0.1 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe polymer composition (including antioxidant).

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technicaladvantages of the present invention in order that the detaileddescription of the invention that follows may be better understood.Additional features and advantages of the invention will be describedhereinafter, which form the subject matter of the claims of theinvention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that theconception and specific embodiments disclosed may be readily utilized asa basis for modifying or designing other film structures and/orprocesses for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention.It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that suchequivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of theinvention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features whichare believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to itsstructure and method of manufacture, together with further objects andadvantages will be better understood from the following description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example, and not by wayof limitation, in the accompanying drawings, in which like referencecharacters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 shows a vertical cross-section of an embodiment employing a firstvessel.

FIG. 2 shows an expanded view of the components of an embodimentemploying a first vessel.

FIG. 3 shows a vertical cross-section of an embodiment employing a firstand a second vessel.

FIG. 4 shows an expanded view of the components of an embodimentemploying a first vessel and a second vessel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Illustrative embodiments of the subject matter claimed below will now bedisclosed. In the interest of clarity, some features of some actualimplementations may not be described in this specification. It will beappreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiments,numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve thedeveloper's specific goals, such as compliance with system-related andbusiness-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation toanother. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a developmenteffort, even if complex and time-consuming, would be a routineundertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit ofthis disclosure.

The words and phrases used herein should be understood and interpretedto have a meaning consistent with the understanding of those words andphrases by those skilled in the relevant art. No special definition of aterm or phrase, i.e., a definition that is different from the ordinaryand customary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art, isintended to be implied by consistent usage of the term or phrase herein.To the extent that a term or phrase is intended to have a specialmeaning, i.e., a meaning other than the broadest meaning understood byskilled artisans, such a special or clarifying definition will beexpressly set forth in the specification in a definitional manner thatprovides the special or clarifying definition for the term or phrase. Itmust also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appendedclaims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include pluralreferences unless otherwise specified.

For example, the following discussion contains a non-exhaustive list ofdefinitions of several specific terms used in this disclosure (otherterms may be defined or clarified in a definitional manner elsewhereherein). These definitions are intended to clarify the meanings of theterms used herein. It is believed that the terms are used in a mannerconsistent with their ordinary meaning, but the definitions arenonetheless specified here for clarity.

Definitions

“Blow molding,” as used herein, means a manufacturing process thatallows hollow plastic parts to be formed. Air pressure is used toinflate soft plastic into a mold cavity. The three main types of blowmolding are: extrusion blow molding, injection blow molding, andinjection stretch blow molding.

“Injection molding,” as used herein, means a manufacturing process wherematerial is fed into a heated barrel where it is also melted. Whensmooth enough, the material is injected through a nozzle under pressure(filling cycle) to fill a mold cavity and then cools off (coolingcycle). Thereafter, the mold opens and the part ejects.

“Lower end,” as used herein, with respect to the apparatus or componentof the apparatus means the portion of apparatus or component of theapparatus, respectively, proximate to the bottom of the apparatus orcomponent of the apparatus, respectively, when the apparatus is in theupright orientation resting on a horizontal surface. FIG. 1, FIG. 2,FIG. 3, and FIG. 4 each show embodiments of the apparatus in the uprightorientation.

“Mate,” as used herein, with respect to the apparatus means to form aconnection between two components of the apparatus, such as between alid and an edge or between two edges. Examples of such connectionsinclude, but are not limited to, overlapping edges, threadedconnections, and tongue and groove connections. Connections can beself-securing, such as threaded connections or overlapping edges withinterference such that the edges snap together. Alternatively,connections can be such that the components fit together but requireexternal means such as tape to secure the connection.

“Thermoplastic,” as used herein, means any polymer including but notlimited to acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”), polyamide (“PA”),polybutylene terephthalate (“PBT”), polycaprolactam, polycarbonate(“PC”), polyether ether ketone (“PEEK”), polyetherimide, polyethylene(“PE”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PETP”), polymethyl methacrylate(“PMMA”), polyoxymethylene (“POM”), polyphenylene sulfide (“PPS”),polyphenylsulfone, polypropylene (“PP”), polystyrene (“PS”),polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVDF”), styrene acrylonitrile resin (“SAN”),thermoplastic elastomers (“TPE”), thermoplastic polyurethane (“TPU”), orcombinations thereof.

“Upper end,” as used herein, with respect to the apparatus or componentof the apparatus means the portion of apparatus or component of theapparatus, respectively, proximate to the bottom of the apparatus orcomponent of the apparatus, respectively, when the apparatus is in theupright orientation resting on a horizontal surface. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2show embodiments of the apparatus in the upright orientation.

Physical Configuration of Apparatus

Single-Vessel Embodiments

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the apparatus 100comprises a single vessel. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show different views of thesame apparatus 100 and accordingly use common reference numbers forcomponents and portions of the apparatus 100. FIG. 1 shows a verticalcross-section view of the apparatus 100 comprising vessel 102 andrelated components. FIG. 2 shows a corresponding three-dimensionalexpanded view of apparatus 100 comprising vessel 102 and its relatedcomponents. The vessel 102 comprises at its upper end collection means105 and at its lower end a reservoir 110. The single vessel 102 in theseembodiments is referred to elsewhere in this disclosure and in theclaims as a first vessel.

The collection means 105 as shown if FIG. 1 is essentially a verticalwall, which is cylindrical in shape. However, the wall of the collectionmeans 105, when viewed as a vertical cross-section of the vessel can bestraight, curved, sloped, or any combination thereof. When liquid isadded to the vessel from above, the shape of the wall of the collectionmeans 105 will either guide the flow of liquid by gravity oralternatively not restrict the flow by gravity of liquid toward thereservoir 110.

When viewed as a horizontal cross-section, the wall of the collectionmeans can be circular, oval-shaped, substantially square, substantiallyrectangular, irregularly shaped, or any other shape as can convenientlymeet user preferences for ease of manufacturing, handling, and orstorage of the apparatus. The horizontal cross-section can also bevariable provided that the wall of the collection means guides fluidsentering the top of the vessel by gravity flow toward the reservoir ordoes not restrict flow of fluids entering the top of the vessel towardthe reservoir.

The collection means 105 has, at its upper end, an edge 106 whichdefines an opening 107. Biological or bodily fluid is added to theapparatus through the opening 107 when the apparatus is used forcollecting and storing the fluid, such as mammalian semen. The edge 106and opening 107 shown in FIG. 1 are circular in shape. However, the edge106 and opening 107 can be of any shape or size to accommodateconvenient collection of semen samples from humans or from variousmammalian animals.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, the inner surface 108 of the wall of thecollection means is configured to have an increased ratio of surfacearea of the inner surface 108 of the collection means to the volume ofthe collection means 105. Means for increasing this ratio include, butare not limited to, one or more nubs, one or more circumferentialridges, one or more radial fins, or combinations thereof. Increasing thesurface area increases the volume of fluid in direct contact with thesurface on the apparatus.

The reservoir 110 has a volume suited for the amount of fluid to becollected in the apparatus. The volume for collection of semen is basedon the amount of ejaculate from the species from which the semen will becollected, whether human or other mammalian animal.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, the inner surface 109 of the reservoiris configured to have an increased ratio of surface area of the innersurface 109 of the reservoir to the volume of the reservoir 110. Meansfor increasing this ratio are discussed above.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, a closure means or lid 120 is providedto eliminate the possibility of spillage. The lid 120 shown in FIG. 1 iscircular in shape. However, the lid 120 can be of any shape or size,provided that it is configured to mate with the edge 106 at the upperend of the collection means 105, and to completely cover the opening107.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, the components of the apparatus aremanufactured from one or more polymer compositions that contain one ormore antioxidants selected from one or more of group consisting of:phenolics, aromatic amines, sterically hindered amines, hydroxylamines,phosphites, and phosphonites. In one preferred embodiment, polymercompositions comprises a polymer and an antioxidant, where the preferredantioxidant is one or more of aromatic amines and sterically hinderedamines, most preferably sterically hindered amines In yet anotherembodiment, where the antioxidant is phenolic, it is preferable that thephenolic antioxidant has one or more of: a molecular weight greater thanor equal to 600, 700, or 800 grams/mole; and a melting temperaturegreater than or equal to 60° C., 70° C., or 80° C.; and a linearmolecular structure substantially free of sidechains.

Two-Vessel Embodiments

In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, the apparatus 300comprises a single vessel. FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 show different views of thesame apparatus 300 and accordingly use common reference numbers forcomponents and portions of the apparatus 300. FIG. 3 shows a verticalcross-section view of the apparatus 300 comprising vessel 302 andrelated components. FIG. 4 shows a corresponding three-dimensionalexpanded view of apparatus 300 comprising vessel 302 and its relatedcomponents. The vessel 302 comprises at its upper end collection means305 and at its lower end a reservoir 310. The vessel 302 in theseembodiments is referred to elsewhere in this disclosure and in theclaims as a first vessel.

Vessel 302 and vessel 350 are sized and shaped to allow vessel 302 to beinserted into vessel 350. When so inserted, a support 355 proximate tothe upper end of the collection means 305 is suited to mate with upperedge 360 of vessel 350. The support 355 is suited to support vessel 302substantially upright when vessel 302 is inserted into vessel 350 andwhen support 355 is resting on or mated with edge 360 of vessel 350. Insome embodiments, support 355 and edge 360 are connected or secured toone other by a threaded connection, a snap connection, or otherconvenient means. Additional support members 380, including but notlimited to fins as shown in FIG. 4, can also be added to the outside ofvessel 302 to provide additional support to maintain vessel 302 uprightwhether inserted in vessel 350 or placed on a flat surface. Supportmembers can optionally be attached to vessel 350 or not attached toeither vessel. In some embodiments, the inner surface of vessel 350 andthe outer surface of vessel 302 form a chamber. In some embodiments,insulation means is installed in the chamber.

The vessel 350 in these embodiments is referred to elsewhere in thisdisclosure and in the claims as a second vessel.

The collection means 305 as shown if FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 is essentially asloped wall, which is conical in shape. However, the wall of thecollection means 305, when viewed as a vertical cross-section of thevessel can be straight, curved, sloped, or any combination thereof. Whenliquid, a bodily fluid, is added to the vessel from above, the shape ofthe wall of the collection means 305 will either guide the flow ofliquid by gravity or alternatively not restrict the flow by gravity ofliquid toward the reservoir 310.

When viewed as a horizontal cross-section, the wall of the collectionmeans 305 can be circular, oval-shaped, substantially square,substantially rectangular, irregularly shaped, or any other shape as canconveniently meet user preferences for ease of manufacturing, handling,and or storage of the apparatus. The horizontal cross-section can alsobe variable provided that the wall of the collection means 305 guidesfluids entering the top of the vessel by gravity flow toward thereservoir 310 or does not restrict flow of fluids entering the top ofthe vessel toward the reservoir 310.

The collection means 305 has, at its upper end, an edge 306 whichdefines an opening 307. Fluid is added to the apparatus through theopening 307 when the apparatus is used for collecting and storing fluidsamples, such as mammalian semen. The edge 306 and opening 307 shown inFIG. 3 and FIG. 4 are circular in shape. However, the edge 306 andopening 307 can be of any shape or size to accommodate convenientcollection of semen samples from humans or from various mammaliananimals.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, the inner surface 308 of the wall of thecollection means is configured to have an increased ratio of surfacearea of the inner surface 308 of the collection means to the volume ofthe collection means 310. Geometric surface features can be used as ameans for increasing this ratio include, but are not limited to, one ormore nubs, one or more circumferential ridges, one or more radial fins,or combinations thereof.

The reservoir 310 has a volume suited for the amount of fluid to becollected in the apparatus. The volume for collection of semen is basedon the amount of ejaculate from the species from which the semen samplewill be collected, whether human or other mammalian animal.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, the inner surface 309 of the reservoiris configured to have an increased ratio of surface area of the innersurface 309 of the reservoir to the volume of the reservoir 310.Geometric surface features can be used as a means for increasing thisratio include, but are not limited to, one or more nubs, one or morecircumferential ridges, one or more radial fins, or combinationsthereof. Geometric surface features alternatively or further comprisesurface area from a separate portion of polymer (containing antioxidantas described elsewhere herein) such as, but not limited to, adding oneor more polymer pellets or beads to the space in the reservoir occupiedor to be occupied by a fluid sample, wherein the surface of the beadscomprise antioxidant.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, a closure means or lid 320 is provided.The lid 320 shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 is circular in shape. However,the lid 320 can be of any shape or size, provided that it is configuredto mate with the edge 306 at the upper end of the collection means 305and to completely cover the opening 307.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus, the apparatus further includes areservoir seal means 370. The reservoir seal means 370 has at its lowerend a bottom surface 372 surrounded by a seating surface 374 and at itsupper end a means for providing sealing force 376. When the reservoirsealing means 370 is installed between the first vessel 300 and the lid320, the means for providing sealing force 376 causes the seatingsurface to engage the first vessel proximate the junction between thereservoir 310 and the collection means 305 such that the inner surface309 of the reservoir and the bottom surface 372 define an enclosedchamber. When the lid 320 is fully installed, the means for providingsealing force 376 both provides force to create and maintain a sealbetween the seating surface 374 and the first vessel 300 and therebyretain a fluid sample in the enclosed chamber defined by the bottomsurface 372 of the reservoir seal means 370 and the inner surface 309 ofthe reservoir regardless of the spatial orientation of the apparatus300. The reservoir seal means 370 shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 has acylindrical body with a bottom surface 372 surrounded by a seatingsurface 374 at its lower end and a flexible flange at its upper end as ameans for providing sealing force 376. Full closure of the lid 320causes the flange to flex to provide the seal between the seatingsurface 374 and the first vessel 300. The means for providing sealingforce 376 can also be provided without the flexible flange by selectinga length for the body of the means for providing sealing force 376 thatcauses an interference fit of the means for providing sealing force 376between the lid 320, when fully engaged, and the first vessel 300, suchsealing force being produced by flexure of the lid 300 and/orcompression of the means for providing sealing force 376. The body ofthe means for providing sealing force 376 is not restricted to the twoconfigurations described above and can be any configuration such as, butnot limited to, one or more columns, a slotted hollow cylinder, acylinder with vertical corrugations, a cylinder with horizontalcorrugations, a flexible bellows, a cylindrical member of variablehorizontal cross-section, or any other configuration provided that aseal between the seating surface 374 and the first vessel 300 is inducedby engagement of the lid 320 to the first vessel 300. In otherembodiments, the reservoir seal means can be independent of interactionwith the lid, such as, but not limited to a plug or stopper engaging theseating surface 374 by interference fit.

In some embodiments, in addition to the above aspects of the physicalconfiguration of the apparatus or medical device, the components ofwhich are manufactured from a polymer composition comprising one or morepolymers and one or more antioxidants from phenolics, aromatic amines,sterically hindered amines, hydroxylamines, phosphites, andphosphonites. In one preferred embodiment, the antioxidants are one ormore of aromatic amines and sterically hindered amines, most preferablysterically hindered amines. In yet another embodiment, where theantioxidant is a phenolic it is preferable that the phenolic antioxidanthas one or more of: a molecular weight greater than or equal to 600,700, or 800 grams/mole; a melting temperature greater than or equal to60° C., 70° C., or 80° C.; and a linear molecular structuresubstantially free of sidechains.

Functional Aspects of the Apparatus

In some embodiments, at least a portion of the inner surface 109 or 309of the reservoir 110 or 310, respectively, contains an antioxidant. Insome embodiments, substantially all or all of the inner surface 109 or309 of the reservoir 110 or 310, respectively, contains an antioxidant.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the inner surface 109 or 309 ofthe reservoir 110 or 310 made from a polymer composition, respectively,where the polymer composition comprises a polymer and one or more of: a)a phenolic antioxidant having a melting point greater than or equal to60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) ahydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f) less than or equalto 0.1 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.05 wt. %, or 0.02 wt. % phosphite and/orphosphonite based on the weight of the polymer and the antioxidant.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the inner surface 109 or 309 ofthe reservoir 110 or 310, respectively, is produced by blending anantioxidant with a polymer from which vessel 100 or 302 is manufactured,wherein the antioxidant comprises one or more of: a) a phenolicantioxidant having a melting point greater than or equal to 60° C.; b)an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine;and e) an amine oxide derivative.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the inner surface 109 or 309 ofthe reservoir 110 or 310, respectively, is produced by blending anantioxidant with a polymer from which vessel 100 or 302 is manufactured,wherein the total weight percent of antioxidant present in the blend isless than or equal to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of thepolymer and the antioxidant. It is preferred that the antioxidant is oneor more of: a) a phenolic antioxidant having a melting point greaterthan or equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hinderedamine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f) aphosphite and/or phosphonite. In one embodiment, where the antioxidantis phenolic and not octadecyl3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and/or where theantioxidant is a phosphite and/or phosphonite,tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite is excluded.

In some embodiments, at least a portion of the inner surface 108 or 308of the wall of the collection means 105 or 305, respectively, containsan antioxidant. In some embodiments, substantially all or all of theinner surface 108 or 308 of the wall of the collection means 105 or 305,respectively, contains an antioxidant. In one embodiment the antioxidantis one or more of: a) a phenolics having a melting point greater than orequal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine;d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f) less than orequal to 0.1 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.05 wt. %, or 0.02 wt. % phosphiteand/or phosphonite based on the weight of the polymer and theantioxidant.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the inner surface 108 or 308 ofthe wall of the collection means 105 or 305, respectively, is producedby blending an antioxidant with a polymer to form a polymer compositionfrom which vessel 100 or 302 is manufactured, wherein the antioxidantcomprises one or more of: a) a phenolics having a melting point greaterthan or equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hinderedamine; d) a hydroxylamine; and e) an amine oxide derivative.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the inner surface 108 or 308 ofthe wall of the collection means 105 or 305, respectively, is producedby blending an antioxidant with a polymer to form a polymer compositionfrom which vessel 100 or 302 is manufactured, wherein the antioxidant ispresent in the polymer composition at less than or equal to 0.1 wt. %,based on the total weight of the polymer and t antioxidant, and theantioxidant comprises one or more of: a) a phenolic having a meltingpoint greater than or equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) asterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxidederivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the inner surface 109 or 309 ofthe reservoir 110 or 310, respectively, is produced by blending anantioxidant with a polymer to form a polymer composition from whichvessel 100 or 302 is manufactured, wherein the antioxidant is present inthe polymer composition at less than or equal to 0.1 wt. %, based on thetotal weight of the polymer and the antioxidant, and the antioxidantcomprises one or more of: a) a phenolic t other than octadecyl3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) an aromatic amine;c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxidederivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite other thantris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the inner surface 108 or 308 ofthe wall of the collection means 105 or 305, respectively, is producedby blending an antioxidant with a polymer to form a polymer compositionfrom which vessel 100 or 302 is manufactured, wherein the antioxidant ispresent in the polymer composition at less than or equal to 0.1 wt. %,based on the total weight of the polymer and the antioxidant, and theantioxidant comprises one or more of: a) a phenolic antioxidant otherthan octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) anaromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e)an amine oxide derivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite otherthan tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.

In some embodiments, at least a portion of the bottom surface of the 372of the reservoir sealing means 370 contains an antioxidant. In someembodiments, substantially all or all of the bottom surface of the 372of the reservoir sealing means 370 contains an antioxidant.

In some embodiments, in addition to any or all of the above attributes,the apparatus comprises a reservoir seal means, wherein the reservoirhas a first inner surface and the reservoir seal means has a bottomsurface, such that when the reservoir seal means is installed, the firstinner surface and the bottom surface circumscribe a sealed reservoirchamber. Installation of the seal means reduces exposure of the sampleto air and/or reduces movement of the sample in response to movement ofthe container.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the bottom surface of the 372 ofthe reservoir sealing means 370 comprises a polymer composition of apolymer and one or more of: a) a phenolic having a melting point greaterthan or equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hinderedamine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f) lessthan or equal to 0.1 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.05 wt. %, or 0.02 wt. %phosphite and/or phosphonite based on the weight of the polymer and theantioxidant.

In some embodiments, the antioxidant on the bottom surface of the 372 ofthe reservoir sealing means 370 is produced by blending an antioxidantwith a polymer to form a polymer composition from which vessel 100 or302 is manufactured, wherein the antioxidant comprises one or more of:a) a phenolic having a melting point greater than or equal to 60° C.; b)an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine;and e) an amine oxide derivative. In on embodiment, the antioxidant ispresent in the polymer composition in an amount less than or equal to0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the polymer and the antioxidant,and the antioxidant comprises one or more of: a) a phenolic having amelting point greater than or equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c)a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxidederivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite. In yet anotherembodiment, the polymer composition excludes octadecyl3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate andtris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.

Fabrication of the Apparatus

Fabrication of the components of the apparatus is generally performed byknown methods such as, but not limited to, injection molding and blowmolding. In some embodiments, these general methods further includesteps and/or conditions that lead to one or more of the inner surface ofthe reservoir, the inner surface of the collection means, the innersurface of the lid, and or the inner surface of the reservoir seal means370 containing antioxidants as described elsewhere in this disclosure.

In some embodiments, the first vessel 102 or 300 is manufactured from amixture of polymer, preferably a thermoplastic and an antioxidant in aninjection molding process under conditions. In some embodiments, thefirst vessel 102 or 300 is manufactured from a mixture ofthermoplastic(s) and antioxidant(s) in a blow molding process underconditions appropriate for the selected thermoplastic. In someembodiments, the reservoir seal means 370 is manufactured from a mixtureof thermoplastic(s) and antioxidant(s) in a blow molding process or aninjection molding process under conditions appropriate for the selectedthermoplastic. In an embodiment, the polymer composition comprisesantioxidant(s) blended with a polymer in an amount less than or equal to0.25 wt. %, less than or equal to 0.1 wt. %, less than or equal to 0.1wt. %, less than or equal to 0.08 wt. %, or less than or equal to 0.05wt. %. based on the total weight percent of the polymer and antioxidant.

Antioxidants

In some embodiments, the antioxidant is selected from one or more ofphenolics, aromatic amines, sterically hindered amines, hydroxylamines,phosphites, and phosphonites.

Phenolic Antioxidants

The key reaction in the stabilization of polyolefins by phenolicantioxidants is the formation of hydroperoxides by transfer of ahydrogen from the phenolic moiety to the peroxy-radical resulting in thephenoxyl-radical. The steric hindrance by substituents, e.g. tert-butylgroups in the 2 and/or 6-position, influences the stability of thephenoxyl-radical or the mesomeric cyclohexadienonyl-radicals. Stericallyhindered phenols can be classified according to the substituents' 2-,4-, and 6-position.

Sterically hindered phenols are capable of preventing the abstraction ofa hydrogen from the polymer backbone. The reactivity of the formedphenoxyl radical is significantly influenced by the substituents in 2-and 6-position. Bulky substituents prevent the reaction of the phenoxylradical with the polymer and suppress dimerization of two phenoxylradicals.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from alkylatedmonophenols, for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol,2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol,2-(α-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol,2,6-ioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which are linearor branched in the side chains, for example,2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol,2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylundec-1′-yl)phenol,2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylheptadec-1′-yl)phenol,2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methyltridec-1′-yl)phenol and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected fromalkylthiomethylphenols, for example2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol,2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol,2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol,2,6-di-dodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected fromhydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, for example2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone,2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol,2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole,3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylstearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)adipate.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected fromtocopherols, for example α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, 7-tocopherol,6-tocopherol and mixtures thereof (Vitamin E).

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected fromhydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example2,2′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-thiobis(4-octylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol),4,4′-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol),4,4′-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected fromalkylidenebisphenols, for example2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(α-methylcyclohexyl)phenol],2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis[6-(α-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol],2,2′-methylenebis[6-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-4nonylphenol],4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol),1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane,2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol,1,1,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane,1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-n-dodecylmercaptobutane,ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate],bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)dicyclopentadiene,bis[2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate,1,1-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)butane,2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane,2,2-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecylmercaptobutane,1,1,5,5-tetra-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)pentane.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from O-, N- andS-benzyl compounds, for example3,5,3′,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′-dihydroxydibenzyl ether,octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate,tridecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate,tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine,bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithioterephthalate,bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide,isooctyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected fromhydroxybenzylated malonates, for exampledioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)malonate,di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)malonate,di-dodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate,bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from aromatichydroxybenzyl compounds, for example1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene,1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene,2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from triazineCompounds, for example2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine,2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine,2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine,2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,2,3-triazine,1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate,1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)isocyanurate,2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine,1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine,1,3,5-tris(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected frombenzylphosphonates, for exampledimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate,diethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate,dioctadecyl3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate,dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylphosphonate, thecalcium salt of the monoethyl ester of3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected fromacylaminophenols, for example 4-hydroxylauranilide,4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from esters ofβ-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- orpolyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol,octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol,1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethyleneglycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol,tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide,3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol,trimethylolpropane,4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from esters ofβ-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propionic acid with mono- orpolyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol,octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol,1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethyleneglycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol,tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide,3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol,trimethylolpropane,4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from esters ofβ-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- orpolyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol,1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol,neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate,N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol,trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane,4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from esters of3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid with mono- or polyhydricalcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol,1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol,neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate,N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol,trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane,4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

In some embodiments, phenolic antioxidants are selected from amides ofβ-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid e.g.N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamide,N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamide,N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazide,N,N′-bis[2-(3-[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionyloxy)ethyl]oxamide(Naugard® XL-1 supplied by Uniroyal).

In some embodiments, a phenolic antioxidant when used alone as anantioxidant is used in amounts of up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of thepolymer to be stabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, one ormore phenolic antioxidants when used in combination with one or moreother antioxidants is used in amounts where the total of allantioxidants added to a polymer is up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of thepolymer to be stabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, thephenolic antioxidant excludes octadecyl3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate.

Aromatic Amines

Secondary aromatic amines, and particularly aromatic diamines, areextremely efficient H-donors. The primary reaction products cansubsequently react like the phenols in further transformation stepsforming various coupling products.

In some embodiments, aromatic amines are selected from aminicantioxidants, for example N,N′-di-isopropyl-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N-(1-methylheptyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N-cyclohexyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenlenediamine,4-(p-toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine,N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine,N-allyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropoxydiphenylamine,N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-naphthylamine,N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octylated diphenylamine, for examplep,p′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, 4-n-butylaminophenol,4-butyrylaminophenol, 4-nonanoylaminophenol, 4-dodecanoylaminophenol,4-octadecanoylaminophenol, bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimethylaminomethylphenol,2,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane,N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane,1,2-bis[(2-methylphenyl)amino]ethane, 1,2-bis(phenylamino)propane,(o-tolyl)biguanide, bis[4-(1′,3′-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine,tert-octylated N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a mixture of mono- anddialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- anddialkylated nonyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylateddodecyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylatedisopropyl/sohexyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylatedtert-butyldiphenylamines, 2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine,phenothiazine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylatedtert-butyl/tert-octylphenothiazines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylatedtert-octylphenothiazines, N-allylphenothiazin,N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-diaminobut-2-ene,N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperid-4-yl-hexamethylenediamine,bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperid4-yl)sebacate,2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol.

In some embodiments, an aromatic amine when used alone as an antioxidantis used in amounts of up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.10wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the polymer to bestabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, on or more aromaticamines when used in combination with one or more other antioxidants isused in amounts where the total of all antioxidants added to a polymeris up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or 0.25 wt.%, based on the total weight of the polymer to be stabilized andantioxidant.

Sterically Hindered Amines

Sterically hindered amines are effective stabilizers against thermaldegradation of polyolefins. The activity of these amines as antioxidantsis based on their ability to form nitroxyl radicals. The reaction rateof nitroxyl radicals with alkyl radicals appears to be only slightlylower than that of alkyl radicals with oxygen. For this reason, nitroxylradicals are efficient alkyl radical scavengers.

In some embodiments, hindered amines are at least one compound thatcontains at least one group of the formula (VI)

-   -   in which R_(x) is hydrogen or methyl. Preferably R_(x) is        hydrogen. Preferably, compounds of component (c) are of high        molecular weight and may be discrete compounds or oligomeric        mixtures.

The compounds of the sterically hindered amine type, are known and someare commercially available.

Tinuvin™ and Chimassorb™ is available from BASF. Sanduvor™ and Hostavin™is available from Clariant. Cyasorb™ is available from Solvay. Uvinul™is available from BASF. Uvasil™ is available from Enichem. Uvasorb™ isavailable from 3V Sigma. BLS 1770 is Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, available from Mayzo.Tinuvin™ 770 is Bis (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate,available from BASF.

In some embodiments, a hindered amine when used alone as an antioxidantis used in amounts of up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.10wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the polymer to bestabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, on or more hinderedamines when used in combination with one or more other antioxidants isused in amounts where the total of all antioxidants combined with apolymer is up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the polymer to be stabilizedand antioxidant.

Hydroxylamines

Hydroxylamines can contribute in various ways to the stabilization ofpolymers. The reactive species is the intermediary nitrone which iscapable of scavenging C-radicals under oxygen-deficient conditions. Suchnitrones are active antioxidants.

The hydroxylamine derivatives of component i.) employed in the novelprocess are of the formula (II)

-   -   wherein    -   T₁ is straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 36 carbon atoms,        cycloalkyl of 5 to 12 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 9 carbon        atoms, or said aralkyl substituted by one or two alkyl of 1 to        12 carbon atoms or by one or two halogen atoms;    -   T₂ is hydrogen, or independently has the same meaning as T₁.

In some embodiments, the hydroxylamine is selected fromN,N-dihydrocarbylhydroxylamines of formula (II) wherein T1 and T2 areindependently benzyl, ethyl, octyl, lauryl, dodecyl, tetradecyl,hexadecyl, heptadecyl or octadecyl, or wherein T1 and T2 are each thealkyl mixture found in hydrogenated tallow amine.

In some embodiments, the hydroxylamine is selected fromN,N-dihydrocarbylhydroxylamines selected from the group consisting ofN,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine,N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine,N,N-didodecylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhydroxylaamine,N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine,N-hexadecyl-N-tetradecylhydroxylamine,N-hexadecyl-N-heptadecylhydroxylamine,N-hexadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine,N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, and N,N-di(hydrogenatedtallow)hydroxylamine.

In some embodiments, the hydroxylamine is selected from anN,N-di(alkyl)hydroxylamine produced by the direct oxidation ofN,N-di(hydrogenated tallow)amine (Irgastab™ 042, Ciba SpecialtyChemicals Corp.).

In some embodiments, a hydroxylamine when used alone as an antioxidantis used in amounts of up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.10wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the polymer to bestabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, one or morehydroxylamines when used in combination with one or more otherantioxidants is used in amounts where the total of all antioxidantsadded to a polymer is up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08 wt. %, 0.10wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the polymer to bestabilized and antioxidant.

Amine Oxide Derivatives

The amine oxide derivatives are saturated tertiary amine oxides asrepresented by general formula (III):

-   -   wherein    -   G₁ and G₂ are independently a straight or branched chain alkyl        of 6 to 36 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, aralkyl        of 7 to 36 carbon atoms, alkaryl of 7 to 36 carbon atoms,        cycloalkyl of 5 to 36 carbon atoms, alkcycloalkyl of 6 to 36        carbon atoms or cycloalkylalkyl of 6 to 36 carbon atoms;    -   G₃ is a straight or branched chain alkyl of 1 to 36 carbon        atoms, aryl of 6 to 12 carbon atoms, aralkyl of 7 to 36 carbon        atoms, alkaryl of 7 to 36 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 5 to 36        carbon atoms, alkcycloalkyl of 6 to 36 carbon atoms or        cycloalkylalkyl of 6 to 36 carbon atoms; with the proviso that        at least one of G₁, G₂ and G₃ contains a β carbon-hydrogen bond;        and    -   wherein said alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkcycloalkyl        and cycloalkylalkyl groups may be interrupted by one to sixteen        —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO₂—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CO—, —NG₄-, —CONG₄- and        —NG₄CO— groups, or wherein said alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl,        cycloalkyl, alkcycloalkyl and cycloalkylallyl groups may be        substituted by one to sixteen groups selected from —OG₄, —SG₄,        —COOG₄, —OCOG₄, —COG₄, —N(G₄)₂, —CON(G₄)₂, —NG₄COG₄ and 5- and        6-membered rings containing the        —C(CH₃)(CH₂R_(x))NL(CH₂R_(x))(CH₃)C— group or wherein said        alkyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkcycloalkyl and        cycloalkylalkyl groups are both interrupted and substituted by        the groups mentioned above; and        -   wherein    -   G₄ is independently hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms;    -   R_(x) is hydrogen or methyl, preferably hydrogen;    -   L is a C₁₋₃₀ straight or branched chain alkyl moiety, a —C(O)R        moiety wherein R is a C₁₋₃₀ straight or branched chain alkyl        group, or a —OR moiety wherein R is a C₁₋₃₀ straight or branched        chain alkyl group; and    -   wherein said aryl groups may be substituted by one to three        halogen, alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 8 carbon        atoms or combinations thereof.

A preferred structure of formula (III) is where G₁ and G₂ areindependently benzyl or substituted benzyl. It is also possible for eachof G₁, G₂, and G₃ to be the same residue. G₁ and G₂ are also preferablyalkyl groups of 8 to 26 carbon atoms and most preferably alkyl groups of10 to 26 carbon atoms and G₃ is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 22carbon atoms and most preferably methyl or substituted methyl. Also,preferred amine oxides include those wherein G₁, G₂, and G₃ are the samealkyl groups of 6 to 36 carbon atoms Preferably, all of theaforementioned residues for G₁, G₂, and G₃ are saturated hydrocarbonresidues or saturated hydrocarbon residues containing at least one ofthe aforementioned —O—, —S—, —SO—, —CO₂—, —CO—, or —CON-moieties. Thoseskilled in the art will be able to envision other useful residues foreach of G₁, G₂, and G₃ without detracting from the present invention.

The saturated amine oxides of component ii.) may also include poly(amineoxides). By poly(amine oxide) is meant tertiary amine oxides containingat least two tertiary amine oxides per molecule. Illustrative poly(amineoxides), also called “poly(tertiary amine oxides)”, include the tertiaryamine oxide analogues of aliphatic and alicyclic diamines such as, forexample, 1,4-diaminobutane; 1,6-diaminohexane; 1,10-diaminodecane; and1,4-diaminocyclohexane, and aromatic based diamines such as, forexample, diamino anthraquinones and diaminoanisoles.

Also included are tertiary amine oxides derived from oligomers andpolymers of the aforementioned diamines. Useful amine oxides alsoinclude amine oxides attached to polymers, for example, polyolefins,polyacrylates, polyesters, polyamides, polystyrenes, and the like. Whenthe amine oxide is attached to a polymer, the average number of amineoxides per polymer can vary widely as not all polymer chains need tocontain an amine oxide. All of the aforementioned amine oxides mayoptionally contain at least one —O—, —S—, —SO—, —CO₂—, —CO—, or —CONG₄-moiety. In a preferred embodiment, each tertiary amine oxide of thepolymeric tertiary amine oxide contains a C1 residue.

The groups G₁, G₂ and G₃ of formula (III) may be attached to a moleculecontaining a hindered amine. Hindered amines are known in the art andthe amine oxide of the present invention may be attached to the hinderedamine in any manner and structural position of the hindered amine.Useful hindered amines when part of a compound of component ii.) includethose of the general formulas (IV) and (V):

-   -   wherein L and R_(x) are as described above. Also included are        amine oxides containing more than one hindered amine and more        than one saturated amine oxide per molecule. The hindered amine        may be attached to a poly(tertiary amine oxide) or attached to a        polymeric substrate, as discussed above.

In some embodiments, an amine oxide derivative when used alone as anantioxidant is used in amounts of up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of thepolymer to be stabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, on ormore amine oxide derivatives when used in combination with one or moreother antioxidants is used in amounts where the total of allantioxidants added to a polymer is up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of thepolymer to be stabilized and antioxidant.

Phosphites and Phosphonites

Organophosphorus compounds of trivalent phosphorus are efficienthydroperoxide decomposers. A hydroperoxide reacts exactlystoichiometrically forming the corresponding alcohol, simultaneouslyoxidizing the phosphite to the corresponding phosphate. Becausephosphites and phosphonites tend to hydrolyze, in practice mainlyhydrolysis stable derivatives are being used. These are based generallyon sterically hindered phenols. Because of their high reactivity,phosphites and phosphonites are used as stabilizers during processing inthe melt (temperatures up to 300° C.).

Organic phosphites and phosphonites can be selected from the formulae(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7)

-   -   in which the indices are integral and        -   n is 2, 3 or 4; p is 1 or 2, q is 2 or 3, r is 4 to 12; y is            1, 2 or 3; and Z is 1 to 6;        -   A₁ if n is 2, is C₂-C₁₈ alkylene; C₂-C₁₂ alkylene            interrupted by oxygen, sulfur or —NR₄—; a radical of the            formula:

-   -   or        -   phenylene,        -   A₁ if n is 3, is a radical of the formula —C_(r)H_(2r−1)—,        -   A₁ if n is 4, is

A₂ is as defined for A₁ if n is 2,

-   -   B is a direct bond, —CH₂—, —CHR₄—, —CR₁R₄, sulfur, C₅-C₇        cycloalkylidene, or cyclohexylidene which is substituted by from        1 to 4 C₁-C₄ alkyl radicals in position 3, 4 and/or 5,    -   D₁, if p is 1, is C₁-C₄ alkyl and, if p is 2, is —CH₂OCH₂—;    -   D₂, if p is 1, is C₁-C₄ alkyl,    -   E, if y is 1, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, —OR₁ or halogen;    -   E, if y is 2, is —O-A₂-O—,    -   E, if y is 3, is a radical of the formula R₄C(CH₂O—) or        N(CH₂CH₂—O—);    -   Q is the radical of an at least Z-Valent alcohol or phenol, this        radical being attached via the oxygen atom to the phosphorus        atom;    -   R₁, R₂ and R₃ independently of one another are C₁-C₁₈ alkyl        which is unsubstituted or substituted by halogen, —COOR₄, —CN or        —CONR₄R₄, C₂-C₁₈ alkyl interrupted by oxygen, Sulfur or —NR₄—;        C₇-C₉ phenylalkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, phenyl or naphthyl,        naphthyl or phenyl Substituted by halogen, 1 to 3 alkyl radicals        or alkoxy radicals having a total of 1 to 18 carbon atoms or by        C₇-C₉ phenylalkyl, or a radical of the formula

-   -   in which m is an integer from the range 3 to 6;    -   R₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, C₅-C₁₂ cycloalkyl or C₇-C₉        phenylalkyl,    -   R₅ and R₆ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl        or C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl,    -   R₇ and R₈, if q is 2, independently of one another are C₁-C₄        alkyl or together are a 2,3-dehydropentamethylene radical; and    -   R₇ and R₈, if q is 3, are methyl,    -   R₁₄ is hydrogen, C₁-C₉ alkyl or cyclohexyl,    -   R₁₅ is hydrogen or methyl and, if two or more radicals R₁₄ and        R₁₅ are present, these radicals are identical or different,    -   X and Y are each a direct bond or oxygen,    -   Z is a direct bond, methylene, —C(R₁₆)₂— or sulfur, and    -   R₁₆ is C₁-C₈ alkyl.

In one embodiment, at least one antioxidant is selected from theformulae (1), (2), (5) and (6), in which

-   -   n is the number 2, and y is the number 1, 2 or 3;    -   A₁ is C₂-C₁₈ alkylene, p-phenylene or p-biphenylene,    -   E, if y is 1, is C₁-C₁₈ alkyl, —OR₁ or fluorine;    -   E, if y is 2, is p-biphenylene,    -   E, if y is 3, is N(CH₂CH₂O—)₃,    -   R₁, R₂ and R₃ independently of one another are C₁-C₁₈ alkyl,        C₇-C₉ phenylalkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted by        1 to 3 alkyl radicals having a total of 1 to 18 carbon atoms;    -   R₁₄ is hydrogen or C₁-C₉ alkyl,    -   R₁₅ is hydrogen or methyl,    -   X is a direct bond,    -   Y is oxygen,    -   Z is a direct bond or —CH(R₁₆)—, and    -   R₁₆ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In yet another embodiment, the antioxidant is selected from the formulae(1), (2), (5) and (6), in which

-   -   n is the number 2 and y is the number 1 or 3;    -   A₁ is p-biphenylene,    -   E, if y is 1, is C₁-C₁₈ alkoxy or fluorine,    -   E, if y is 3, is N(CH₂CH₂O—),    -   R₁, R₂ and R₃ independently of one another are C₁-C₈ alkyl, or        phenyl substituted by 2 or 3 alkyl radicals having a total of 2        to 12 carbon atoms,    -   R₁₄ is methyl or tert-butyl,    -   R₁₅ is hydrogen;    -   X is a direct bond;    -   Y is oxygen; and    -   Z is a direct bond, methylene or —CH(CH₃)—.

In one particularly preferred embodiment, the antioxidant is selectedfrom the formulae (1), (2) and (6).

In a preferred embodiment, the antioxidant is of the formula (I)

-   -   in which    -   R₁₇ and R₁₈ independently of one another are hydrogen, C₁-C₈        alkyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, and    -   R₁₉ and R₂₀ independently of one another are hydrogen or C₁-C₄        alkyl.

In some embodiments, organic phosphites and phosphonites are selectedfrom triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphites, phenyl dialkylphosphites, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, trilauryl phosphite,trioctadecyl phosphite, distearyl pentaerythritol diphosphite,tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite (Irgafos® 168, Ciba SpecialtyChemicals Corp.), diisodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite,bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite (formula (D)),bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite(formula (E)), bisisodecyloxypentaerythritol diphosphite,bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite,bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite, tristearylsorbitol triphosphite,tetrakis-(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)4,4′-biphenylene-diphosphonite(Irgafos® P-EPQ, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., formula (H)),6-isooctyloxy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyldibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin),6-fluoro-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-methyldibenzo[d,g][1,3,2]dioxaphosphocin),bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)methyl phosphite,bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethyl phosphite.

In some embodiments, phosphites and phosphonites are selected fromtris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite (Irgafos™ 168, Ciba SpecialtyChemicals Corp.), tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite,bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)ethyl phosphite (Irgafosm 38, CibaSpecialty Chemicals Corp.), bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythritoldiphosphite (Ultranox™ 626, Addivant),tetrakis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)4,4′-biphenylenediphosphonite(Irgafosrm P-EPQ, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp.),2,2′,2″-nitrilo[triethyltris(3,3′5,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-1,1′-biphenyl-2,2′-diyl)phosphite](Irgafos™ 12, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp.). Ultranox™ 641 (Addivant),Doverphosrm S9228 (Dover Chemicals) or Mark® HP10 (Adeka Argus).

In some embodiments, a phosphite and/or phosphonite when used alone asan antioxidant is used in amounts of up to and including 0.05 wt. %,0.08 wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of thepolymer to be stabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, on ormore phosphite and/or phosphonites when used in combination with one ormore other antioxidants is used in amounts where the total of allantioxidants added to a polymer is up to and including 0.05 wt. %, 0.08wt. %, 0.10 wt. %, or 0.25 wt. %, based on the total weight of thepolymer to be stabilized and antioxidant. In some embodiments, aphosphite and/or phosphonite excludestris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.

Compositions

In some embodiments, a polymer composition is provided comprising ablend of a thermoplastic suitable for injection molding and anantioxidant, wherein the blend is subjected to injection moldingconditions and then cooled to produce a solid material having a surfacecomprising the antioxidant in an amount sufficient to mitigate oxidativedamage to biological fluids. The antioxidant is selected from one ofmore of: a) a phenolic other than octadecyl3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) an aromatic amine;c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxidederivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite other thantris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.

Medical Devices

In some embodiments, a medical device is provided for collecting,storing, and/or processing biological fluids, the apparatus comprisingat least one component having a surface to which the biological fluidwill be contacted, wherein the surface comprises an antioxidant in anamount sufficient to mitigate oxidative damage to biological fluids. Theantioxidant is selected from one of more of: a) a phenolic other thanoctadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) anaromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e)an amine oxide derivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite otherthan tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.

Various embodiments of the invention include, but are not limited to:

-   -   (a) In some embodiments, an apparatus comprises a first vessel        comprising a collection means at the upper end of the first        vessel; and a reservoir at the lower end of the first vessel,        the reservoir having a first inner surface. The first inner        surface comprises a first antioxidant comprising a phenolic        antioxidant, an aromatic amine, a sterically hindered amine, a        hydroxylamine, a phosphite, phosphonites, or combinations        thereof.    -   (b) In some embodiments of the apparatus, in addition to the        attributes of paragraph (a), the phenolic antioxidant has one or        more of a molecular weight greater than or equal to 600, a        melting temperature greater than or equal to 60° C., and a        linear molecular structure substantially free of sidechains.    -   (c) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (a)-(b), the apparatus further comprises a lid suited        for sealable attachment to the first vessel.    -   (d) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (a)-(c), the apparatus further a reservoir seal        means.    -   (e) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (a)-(d), the apparatus further comprises a second        vessel, wherein the first vessel is inserted into the second        vessel.    -   (f) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (a)-(e), the first inner surface comprises geometric        surface features suited to increase the ratio of the area of the        first inner surface to the volume.    -   (g) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (e)-(f), the first vessel, the second vessel, the        reservoir seal means, and the lid are each independently        comprised of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide,        polybutylene terephthalate, polycaprolactam, polycarbonate,        polyether ether ketone, polyetherimide, polyethylene,        polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate,        polyoxymethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylsulfone,        polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene        acrylonitrile resin, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic        polyurethane, or combinations thereof.    -   (h) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (a)-(g), the first antioxidant is chemically and/or        physically bonded to the first inner surface in any manner        effective to produce active antioxidant species on the surface.        Methods to accomplish this include but are not limited to        blending an antioxidant into a polymer from which the vessel is        formed, laminating a antioxidant-containing film to the surface        (either thermally or by adhesive), by extrusion of an        antioxidant-containing polymer onto the surface, or by        dissolving a polymer in a solvent along with an antioxidant,        applying the solvent to the target surface and evaporating the        solvent to leave an adhered polymer film layer.    -   (i) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (a)-(h), the wherein the collection means has a third        inner surface, wherein the third inner surface comprises a        second antioxidant comprising a phenolic antioxidant, an        aromatic amine, a sterically hindered amine, a hydroxylamine, a        phosphite, phosphonites, or combinations thereof.    -   (j) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (i), the phenolic antioxidant has one or more of a        molecular weight greater than or equal to 600, a melting        temperature greater than or equal to 60° C., and a linear        molecular structure substantially free of sidechains.    -   (k) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (i)-(j), second antioxidant is chemically and/or        physically bonded to the first inner surface in any manner        effective to produce active antioxidant species on the surface.        Methods to accomplish this include but are not limited to        blending an antioxidant into a polymer from which the vessel is        formed, laminating a antioxidant-containing film to the surface        (either thermally or by adhesive), by extrusion of an        antioxidant-containing polymer onto the surface, or by        dissolving a polymer in a solvent along with an antioxidant,        applying the solvent to the target surface and evaporating the        solvent to leave an adhered polymer film layer.    -   (l) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (i)-(k), wherein the first and second antioxidant are        the same or different.    -   (m) In some embodiments, an apparatus comprises a first vessel        having a wall attached at its lower end to a reservoir and        having a first edge at its upper end; and a support means        suitable for maintaining the first vessel in an upright        orientation; wherein the reservoir and the wall form a first        inner surface circumscribing a chamber within the first vessel,        and at least a portion of the first inner surface comprises an        antioxidant comprising a phenolic antioxidant, an aromatic        amine, a sterically hindered amine, a hydroxylamine, a        phosphite, phosphonites, or combinations thereof.    -   (n) In some embodiments, a medical device is provided for        collecting, storing, and/or processing biological fluids, the        device comprising at least one component having a surface to        which the biological fluid will be contacted, wherein the        surface comprises an antioxidant in an amount sufficient to        mitigate oxidative damage to biological fluids.    -   (o) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (n), the medical device is provided wherein the        antioxidant is selected from one of more of: a) a phenolic        antioxidant other than octadecyl        3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) an aromatic        amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an        amine oxide derivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite        other than tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.    -   (p) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (n), the medical device is provided wherein the        antioxidant is selected from one of more of: a) a phenolic        antioxidant having a melting point greater than or equal to 60°        C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a        hydroxylamine; and e) an amine oxide derivative.    -   (q) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (n), the medical device is provided wherein the        surface is formed by a blend of a polymer and less than or equal        to 0.1 wt. % of a first antioxidant based on the weight of the        blend, and the first antioxidant comprises one or more of: a) a        phenolic antioxidant having a melting point greater than or        equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered        amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f)        a phosphite and/or phosphonite.    -   (r) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (n), the medical device is provided wherein the        wherein the surface is formed by a blend of a polymer and a        first antioxidant, the first antioxidant comprising one or more        of: a) a phenolic antioxidant having a melting point greater        than or equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically        hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide        derivative; and f) less than or equal to 0.1 wt. % of a        phosphite and/or phosphonite, based on the weight of the blend.    -   (s) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (n)-(r), wherein the polymer is selected from        acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, polybutylene        terephthalate, polycaprolactam, polycarbonate, polyether ether        ketone, polyetherimide, polyethylene, polyethylene        terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene,        polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylsulfone, polypropylene,        polystyrene, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene acrylonitrile        resin, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, or        combinations thereof.    -   (t) In some embodiments, a composition comprises the reaction        product of a blend of a polymer and an antioxidant suitable for        injection molding, to make a product having a surface comprising        an antioxidant in an amount sufficient to mitigate oxidative        damage to biological fluids.    -   (u) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (s) the composition is provided is provided wherein        the antioxidant is selected from one of more of: a) a phenolic        antioxidant other than octadecyl        3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) an aromatic        amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an        amine oxide derivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite        other than tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.    -   (v) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (s) the composition is provided wherein the        antioxidant is selected from one of more of: a) a phenolic        antioxidant having a melting point greater than or equal to 60°        C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a        hydroxylamine; and e) an amine oxide derivative.    -   (w) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (s), the composition is provided wherein the surface        is formed by a blend of a polymer and less than or equal to 0.1        wt. % of a first antioxidant based on the weight of the blend,        and the first antioxidant comprises one or more of: a) a        phenolic antioxidant having a melting point greater than or        equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered        amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f)        a phosphite and/or phosphonite.    -   (x) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (s), the composition is provided wherein the wherein        the surface is formed by a blend of a polymer and a first        antioxidant, the first antioxidant comprising one or more of: a)        a phenolic antioxidant having a melting point greater than or        equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered        amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f)        less than or equal to 0.1 wt. % of a phosphite and/or        phosphonite, based on the weight of the blend.    -   (y) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (s)-(w), wherein the polymer is selected from        acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, polybutylene        terephthalate, polycaprolactam, polycarbonate, polyether ether        ketone, polyetherimide, polyethylene, polyethylene        terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene,        polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylsulfone, polypropylene,        polystyrene, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene acrylonitrile        resin, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, or        combinations thereof.    -   (z) In some embodiments, a method for making an apparatus for        collecting and/or storing semen comprises:    -   combining a thermoplastic and an antioxidant under heat        sufficient to form a thermoplastic melt wherein the antioxidant        comprises a phenolic antioxidant, an aromatic amine, a        sterically hindered amine, a hydroxylamine, a phosphite,        phosphonites, or combinations thereof,    -   injecting the thermoplastic melt into a vessel mold under        injection molding conditions to form a vessel comprising the        thermoplastic melt;    -   cooling the vessel; and    -   removing from the mold a vessel having an inner surface        comprising the antioxidant.    -   (aa) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (z) the method is provided is provided wherein the        antioxidant is selected from one of more of: a) a phenolic        antioxidant other than octadecyl        3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) an aromatic        amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an        amine oxide derivative; and f) a phosphite and/or phosphonite        other than tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.    -   (bb) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (z), the method is provided wherein the antioxidant is        selected from one of more of: a) a phenolic antioxidant having a        melting point greater than or equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic        amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a hydroxylamine;        and e) an amine oxide derivative.    -   (cc) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (z), the method is provided wherein the surface is        formed by a blend of a polymer and less than or equal to 0.1 wt.        % of a first antioxidant based on the weight of the blend, and        the first antioxidant comprises one or more of: a) a phenolic        antioxidant having a melting point greater than or equal to 60°        C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a        hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f) a phosphite        and/or phosphonite.    -   (dd) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraph (z), the method is provided wherein the wherein the        surface is formed by a blend of a polymer and a first        antioxidant, the first antioxidant comprising one or more of: a)        a phenolic antioxidant having a melting point greater than or        equal to 60° C.; b) an aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered        amine; d) a hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f)        less than or equal to 0.1 wt. % of a phosphite and/or        phosphonite, based on the weight of the blend.    -   (ee) In some embodiments, in addition to the attributes of        paragraphs (z)-(dd), wherein the polymer is selected from        acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, polybutylene        terephthalate, polycaprolactam, polycarbonate, polyether ether        ketone, polyetherimide, polyethylene, polyethylene        terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene,        polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylsulfone, polypropylene,        polystyrene, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene acrylonitrile        resin, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, or        combinations thereof.    -   (ff) An apparatus comprising a first vessel having a collection        means at the upper end of the first vessel and a reservoir at        the lower end of the first vessel, wherein the first vessel is        formed from a blend of a polymer and an antioxidant, the        antioxidant comprising one or more of: a) a phenolic other than        octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate; b) an        aromatic amine; c) a sterically hindered amine; d) a        hydroxylamine; e) an amine oxide derivative; and f) a phosphite        and/or phosphonite other than        tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite.

The following examples illustrate the invention; however, those skilledin the art will recognize numerous variations within the spirit of theinvention and scope of the claims. To facilitate a better understandingof the present invention, the following examples of preferredembodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be readto limit, or to define, the scope of the invention.

Examples

The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodimentsof the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the artthat the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow representtechniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practiceof the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferredmodes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, inlight of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can bemade in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain alike or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

I. Starting Materials

A. Antioxidants

Antioxidant used in polymers and films in the examples were:

Label Commercial herein name Description Available from A1 Tinuvin ™oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizer BASF Corporation, 622(“HALS”) Houston, Texas A2 Chimassorb ™ high molecular weight hinderedamine light BASF Corporation, 944 stabilizer (“HALS”) Houston, Texas A3Irgafos ™ 168 hydrolytically stable phosphite processing BASFCorporation, stabilizer Houston, Texas A4 Irganox ™ sterically hinderedphenolic primary antioxidant BASF Corporation, 1010 Houston, Texas A5Irganox ™ sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant BASF Corporation,1076 Houston, Texas A6 Mayzo ™ low molecular weight hindered amine lightMayzo, Inc., BLS 1770 stabilizer Suwanee, Gerogia

B. Polymers

Polymers used for fabrication of ProteX™ and TrueBreed™ semen collectioncontainers was Formalene™ 2610A Polypropylene Copolymer, available fromFormosa Plastics Corporation, Point Comfort, Tex. Formalene™ 2610APolypropylene Copolymer was determined to contain the followingantioxidants: 457.1 ppm A5, 333.7 ppm A3 (oxidized), and 721.7 ppm A3(unoxidized). Formalene™ 2610A Polypropylene Copolymer is labeled hereinas “P1.” In one embodiment of the invention, Formalene 2610A is excludedas a polymer and antioxidant in the polymer compositions of theinvention. In yet another embodiment, the specific combination andamounts of A5 and A3 are excluded from the polymer composition usefulfor making the inventive apparatus, or the amount of A5 in the polymercomposition of the invention is less than 0.1 weight percent based onthe total weight percent of the polymer in the polymer composition.

Polymer used for fabrication of inventive semen containers was Ineos™R12C-01 Polypropylene Copolymer, available from Ineos Olefins &Polymers, League City, Tex. Ineos™ R12C-01 Polypropylene Copolymer wasdetermined to contain: 274.0 ppm A4, 342.7 ppm A3 (oxidized), and 228.6ppm A3 (unoxidized). Ineos™ R12C-01 Polypropylene Copolymer is labeledherein as “P2.”

Polymer used for fabrication of film samples was Makrolon™ 2558Polycarbonate, available from Covestro, South Deerfield, Mass. Makrolon™2558 Polycarbonate is labeled herein as “P3.”

C. Containers

For human semen samples and bovine semen samples, baseline performancefor containers typically used for collection of semen samples wasdetermined using a standard semen collection cup (Fisher Brand SpecimenContainer #1632070, available from Thermo-Fisher, Pittsburgh, Pa.) and aProteX™ semen collection container, available from ReproductiveSolutions, Inc. in Dallas, Tex. The ProteX™ semen collection containerin injection molded using polymer P1. The standard semen collection cupis labeled herein as “C1,” and the ProteX™ semen collection container islabeled herein as “C2.”

For equine semen samples, baseline performance for containers typicallyused for collection of semen samples was determined using standard babybottle (Parents Choice Baby Bottles, 9 fl. oz, available from Walmart,Inc, Bentonville, Ark.) and a TrueBreed™ semen collection container,available from Reproductive Solutions (house device), Inc. in Dallas,Tex. The TrueBreed™ semen collection container is injection molded usingpolymer P1. The standard semen collection cup is labeled herein as “C4,”and the TrueBreed™ semen collection container ProteX™ container islabeled herein as “C5.”

D. Media

Semen samples are mixed with media to preserve viability and minimizedamage to the sperm during collection and storage. Media used in theexamples were as follows:

Label herein Description Available from M1 Multipurpose Handling MediumFUJIFILM Irvine Scientific (“MHM”) in Dallas, Texas M2 Ham’s F-10 LiquidFUJIFILM Irvine Scientific in Dallas, Texas M3 INRA 96 Equine semenextender and IMV Technologies in Maple preservation media for fresh andGrove, Minnesota cooled equine semen M4 Multipurpose Handling Media FUJIFILM Irvine Scientific Complete (“MHM-C”) in Dallas, Texas

II. Prepared Materials

A. Containers

For human semen samples and bovine semen samples, inventive containerswere fabricated using polymer P2. The containers were fabricated byinjection molding using substantially the same molds and conditions asused for fabrication of the C2 containers. The inventive semencollection container used for human and bovine semen samples is labeledherein as “C3.”

For equine semen samples, inventive containers were fabricated usingpolymer P2. The containers were fabricated by injection molding usingsubstantially the same molds and conditions as used for fabrication ofthe C5 containers. The inventive semen collection container used forequine semen samples is labeled herein as “C6,”

B. Films

Cast films used in the examples were prepared by dissolving thepolycarbonate pellets and the corresponding additive, if applicable, indichloro-methane solvent to effect a weight concentration solution of15% polymer and 0.1% additive. This solution was then added to thesurface of a glass plate and a film was prepared using a film applicatorwith a 0.0015″ gap. After allowing the solvent to evaporate the filmsamples were removed from the glass and placed in an oven at atemperature of 50° C. for 60 minutes to drive off any residual solvent.Films used in polymers in the examples were:

Film label herein Polymer Antioxidant Fl P3 No added antioxidant F2 P3A1 F3 P3 A2 F4 P3 A3 F5 P3 A4 F6 P3 A6

III. Equipment

Prepared semen samples were analyzed for sperm movement or kinematicsusing a Hamilton Thorne IVOS computer assisted semen analyzer (“CASA”),available from Hamilton Thorne in Beverly, Mass. (Version 12 softwarefor IVOS)

Equipment used for gathering equine semen samples included a MissouriArtificial Vagina, available from IMV Technologies in Maple Grove, Minn.

Prepared human semen samples were analyzed for DNA integrity using aHalosperm™ G2 test kit, available from Spectrum Technologies inHealdsburg, Calif. and a standard saturated chlortetracycline technique.

Prepared equine semen samples were analyzed for DNA integrity using aHalosperm™ equine test kit, available from Spectrum Technologies inHealdsburg, Calif., and a standard saturated chlortetracyclinetechnique.

Prepared bovine semen samples were analyzed for DNA integrity using aHalosperm™ bovine test kit, available from Spectrum Technologies inHealdsburg, Calif., and a standard saturated chlortetracyclinetechnique.

IV. Definitions

When referring to cells/ml of media, cells means individual spermatozoacells per milliliter of fluid.

Analysis of variance (“ANOVA”) means a collection of statistical modelsand their associated estimation procedures (such as the “variation”among and between groups) used to analyze the differences among means.

Amplitude of lateral head or lateral displacement (“ALH”): Displacementcorresponding to the mean width of the head oscillation as the spermswims. Mean ALH is calculated from all cell tracks that have astraightness greater than the threshold STR and are not measured asSLOW. Measured using CASA.

Average pathway velocity or path velocity (“VAP”): Average velocity ofthe smoothed cell path in microns/second. Slow cells are excluded fromthe average. Measured using CASA.

Beat cross frequency (“BCF”): Frequency with which the sperm trackcrosses the sperm path (i.e., frequency of sperm head crossing the spermaverage path in either direction). This value is measured in crossingsper second (Hertz). A cell must not be slow to be included in theaverage. Measured using CASA.

Concentration: Sperm count per unit volume, typically million cells/ml(M/ml). Measured using CASA.

Elongation: Average value of the ratio of minor to major axis of allsperm heads.

Linearity (“LIN”): Average value of the ratio VSLNCL. LIN measures thedeparture of the cell track from a straight line. Measured using CASA.

Manual volume measurement: Manual measurement entered into CASA.

Medium cells: Fraction of all cells moving with VAPcutoff<VAP<progressive cell VAP.

Mitochondrial intactness: Analyzed using a standard mitotracker redtechnique.

Morphology: The size and shape of sperm; examined as part of a semenanalysis to evaluate male infertility. Sperm morphology results arereported as the percentage of sperm that appear normal when semen isviewed under a microscope. Analyzed using a rapid H&E stainingtechnique.

Motility: Healthy sperm motility is defined as sperm with forwardprogressions of at least 25 micrometers per second, typically reportedas percentage of total sperm that are “motile.” Measured using CASA.Results of a donor are normalized against motility at collection time ofthat donor's sperm for comparison to other donors.

Progressive cells: Number of cells moving with both VAP>medium VAPcutoff and straightness STR>S₀.

Rapid cells: Percentage of motile cells with VAP>medium VAP cutoff.Measured using CASA. Results of a donor are normalized against rapidcells at collection time of that donor's sperm for comparison to otherdonors.

Slow cells: Fraction of all cells moving with VAP<VAP cutoff or VSL<VSLcutoff.

Straight-line velocity, progressive velocity, or progression (“VSL”):Average velocity measured in a straight line from the beginning to theend of track. Slow cells are excluded from the average. Measured usingCASA.

Straightness (“STR”): Average value of the ratio VSLVAP. STR measuresthe departure of the cell path from a straight line. Measured usingCASA.

Track speed or curvilinear velocity (“VCL”): average velocity measuredover the actual point-to-point track followed by the cell. Slow cellsare excluded from the average. Measured using CASA.

V. References

WHO laboratory manual for the Examination and processing of human semen,Fifth Ed., World Health Organization (“WHO Manual”).

VI. Experimental Methods

A. Semen Sample Collection and Treatment

Human, equine, and bovine semen samples were collected and analyzedaccording to the to the following methods.

1. Human Testing

Ten (10) donors were recruited that had normal semen parameters attesting using the WHO Manual for normal semen analysis. Each donor thensupplied four (4) samples. Each of the four (4) samples from each donorwas collected a minimum of three (3) days a maximum of seven (7) daysafter the previous sample and a minimum of three (3) days a maximum ofseven (7) days before the following sample.

Treatment of samples was as follows:

Treatment No. Container Media (one [1] ml) H1 C1 M1 H2 C2 M1 H3 C3 M1 H4C3 M2

Donors were assigned randomly to which treatment they started, afterwhich treatments proceeded in sequence. For example, if a donor wasassigned to start with Treatment H3, subsequent samples were collectedusing Treatments H4, H1, and H2, in order.

Each sample was:

-   -   1) collected via masturbation into the designated container type        (media was added to each container prior to collection of semen        samples);    -   2) after collection, allowed to liquefy for 10-30 minutes;    -   3) after liquification and manual volume measurement, using a        CASA, analyzed for: concentration, motility, rapid cells, VAP,        VSL, VCL, ALH, BCF, STR, and LIN;    -   4) then prepared using a standard sperm washing technique (as        described in Handbook of the Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment        of Infertility, Keel and Webster. CRC Press, 1990); 5 ml instead        of 0.5 ml to allow sufficient volume for experiment] by:        -   a. adding 2 ml of additional media (same as originally in            collection device),        -   b. centrifuging at 600 RPM for 6 minutes, (Sorvall, Model RT            6000, DuPont Instruments)        -   c. removing supernatant,        -   d. adding 5 ml of media (same as originally in collection            device),        -   e. mixing sperm into media, [(vortexed for 10 seconds or            until no obvious pellet)        -   f. repeating CASA measurements at approximate times after            collection of 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours,            and 24 hours and incubating the cells at a temperature of            37° C. This process for each sample was terminated upon            detection of remaining motility. Additionally, slides were            prepared at each time point for analysis of morphology,            mitochondrial intactness, and DNA.

2. Equine Testing

Semen samples collected from ten (10) healthy stallions. Three (3)samples were obtained from each stallion each week on aMonday-Wednesday-Friday schedule over two (2) weeks.

Treatment of samples was as follows:

Treatment No. Container Media (ten [10] ml) E1 C4 M3 E2 C5 M3 E3 C6 M3

Studs were assigned randomly to which treatment they started, afterwhich treatments proceeded in sequence. For example, if a donor wasassigned to start with Treatment E2, subsequent samples were collectedusing Treatments E3 and E1, in order.

Each sample was:

-   -   1) collected using a Missouri Artificial Vagina (media was added        to each container prior to collection of semen samples.    -   2) manual volume measurement, using a CASA, analyzed for:        concentration, motility, rapid cells, VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, BCF,        STR, and LIN;    -   3) further extended in a laboratory to a final concentrations of        approximately (10%) 20 million cells/ml;    -   4) repeating CASA analysis made on the fresh semen sample at        approximately 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72        hours, and 96 hours after collection and incubating the cells at        room temperature. This process for each sample was terminated        upon detection of remaining motility. Additionally, slides were        prepared at each time point for analysis of morphology,        mitochondrial intactness, and DNA.

3. Bovine Testing

In these examples, frozen bovine semen was thawed and processedsimilarly to intrauterine insemination (“IUI”) samples. Sufficientquantities of semen from three (3) bulls were used to create threesamples, each representing a single bull. Each of the three (3) samplesuspensions contained 20-28 million cells/ml in fifteen (15) ml of Type4 Media.

Cells were thawed and prepared using standard techniques (Straw isexposed to room air for 90 secs, plunged in a water bath for 2 minutes,transferred to a 12 ml styrene test tube (BD Falcon, St Louis, Mich.);standard wash, in Keel and Brooks, only deviation is final volume) andresuspended in 6 mL of Type 4 Media. Each sample was then tested forinitial motility and rapid cell movement to allow normalization of thesedata for statistical analysis.

Treatments were prepared as shown below:

Treatment No. Container Media (five [5] ml) B1 C1 M4 B2 C2 M4 B3 C3 M4

Each sample was:

-   -   1) was incubated at room temperature for fort-eight (48) hours;    -   2) at approximate times after initial test of 1 hour, 3 hours, 6        hours, 9 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours, the samples were gently        mixed and after manual volume measurement of an aliquot,        analyzed for: concentration, motility, rapid cells, VAP, VSL,        VCL, ALH, BCF, STR, and LIN using a CASA with bovine specific        software. (Version 12 software for IVOS) This process for each        sample was terminated upon detection of no remaining motility.        Additionally, slides were prepared at approximate times after        initial test of 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours for analysis of        morphology, mitochondrial intactness, and DNA.    -   3) The resulting data were analyzed using ANOVA with mean        comparison at analysis time point.

B. Acrosome Testing

Acrosome determinations were made using the chlortetracycline techniqueof chlortetracycline fluorescence assay (Lee et al., 1987) using thesamples fixed in glutaraldehyde.

A saturated solution of chlortetracycline stain was prepared just priorto use by filling a 50 mL conical centrifuge tube to the 5 mL line withpowdered chlortetracycline. Approximately 35 mL of water was then addedto the tube and the contents mixed. Because this chemical is lightsensitive, it is important that this procedure be accomplished with veryfaint lighting (just enough lighting that would allow the technician toproperly follow the procedure). The mixture was then filtered using 22μm, 100 ml Nalgen filter (Nalgen Nunc International; Rochester, N.Y.)and then poured into a fresh standard 50 mL conical tube that waslabeled with the current date and a date one week from that time. Thelabeled tube with filtered mixture was wrapped in aluminum foil toprevent light from entering. At this point, the filteredchlortetracycline was ready for use by the technician. This process wasrepeated once weekly until all acrosome assays had been completed.

At each time point, the acrosome reaction was evaluated using afluorescent microscope, equipped with a 520 μm excitation filter and a570 μm barrier filter, the intact acrosome cap appears a fluorescentyellow. A total of 100 cells were evaluated per slide.

C. Leaching Analysis

A study was conducted to determine if antioxidants leached from testcontainers as follows:

-   -   1) 5 ml of media was placed in containers of types C1, C2, and        C3.    -   2) At times 0 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 yours, and 24        hours, 0.5 ml of media was tested for the presence of the        antioxidants.    -   3) At no time where the antioxidants found to present in the        media in any of Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3 Containers.

D. Film Testing

Tests of film samples were performed on 6 films prepared as describedabove. The results were analyzed to compare the effect of a number ofantioxidants. Film experiment were performed as follows:

-   -   1) Prior to semen sample collection, standard 24 well culture        plates were outfitted with 6 sq. mm of their assigned plastic        film.    -   2) Three semen samples between 1-4 hours old were obtained from        the clinical lab following routine semen analysis.    -   3) At the start, the deidentified samples were vortexed for        10-15 seconds and underwent a second semen analysis using a        Hamilton thorn IVOS-computer-assisted semen analyzer, collecting        all available parameters.    -   4) Samples were washed using Fujifilm/Irvine multipurpose        handling media (“MHM”) by adding two ml of MHM to the tube,        vortexing 10-15 seconds to mix, and centrifuging at 600 rpm for        6 minutes.    -   5) The supernatant was discarded, and 6.5 ml of fresh MHM was        added to each sample, and the samples were vortexed to mix.    -   6) 0.5 ml of the sperm sample was placed in each experimental        well, and the plate was cultured at room temperature for 24        hours.    -   7) Semen analysis was repeated at times 1 hour, 3 hours, 12        hours, and 24 hours.

VII. Results

A. Human Results

Test result at a number of time intervals for collection and storage ofprepared human semen samples in containers of types C1, C2 and C3 arereported in Tables 1 and 2, below.

TABLE 1 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 0 1 3 6 Containertype C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 Concentration (M/ml) 82.6 72.176.0 74.4 77.2 83.2 75.6 74.4 79.3 67.9 67.6 76.5 Motility(normalized**, %) 97.5 94.1 93.0 92.1 115.1 91.3 89.8 92.9 83.7 55.669.7 70.0 Rapid Cells 96.4 95.2 99.7 84.1 113.8 92.0 83.2 91.2 88.4 47.764.5 70.4 (normalized**, %) VAP (μm/sec) 57.6 56.1 57.9 53.8 58.2 56.053.3 55.4 57.5 43.9 44.7 47.8 VSL (μm/sec) 48.1 47.4 47.8 44.9 48.4 46.444.8 46.2 47.3 35.3 36.2 39.0 VCL (μm/sec) 93.7 88.6 94.6 85.9 91.2 91.484.2 86.6 93.3 71.0 72.5 78.0 Elongation (μm) 66.4 66.0 65.8 66.3 65.165.1 65.6 66.1 65.6 65.7 65.8 65.3 ALH (μm) 4.65 4.32 4.50 4.26 4.024.28 4.17 3.98 4.33 3.86 3.83 4.17 BCF (Hz) 26.6 23.1 25.1 27.4 25.027.4 26.3 24.4 26.4 21.1 23.6 24.1 STR (%) 81.6 82.2 80.9 81.9 82.3 80.682.3 81.8 80.1 79.0 79.7 79.6 LIN (%) 51.4 53.6 51.1 51.8 53.8 51.0 52.953.6 50.7 49.7 50.1 49.9 *Time measured from start time of test**Normalized against the preprocessed sample time 0 is immediately afterprocessing

Since these tests were performed incubating the prepared semen samplesat 37° C., degradation of the sperm is accelerated to simulate a longertest period during normal use of these containers at room temperature,such that 6 hours in these tests is believed to approximate 24 hoursduring normal use. Table 1 shows comparable values for container C1, C2,and C3 at the start of the experiment. Although samples were collectedfrom 10 donors, data is reported for 9 donors since results for therejected donor were outside statistical norms in terms of the spermsamples from this donor showing unusual resiliency regardless of storageconditions.

The three container types remain competitive at 1 hour. At 3 hours,semen samples in C3 containers show better results than for C1 and C2containers for VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and BCF, while remaining comparablefor motility, rapid cells, elongation, STR, and LIN. At 6 hours, semensamples in C3 containers show better results than for C1 and C2containers for motility, rapid cells, VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and BCF, whileremaining comparable for elongation, STR, and LIN.

At 3 hours, semen samples in C3 containers show better results than forC1 and C2 containers for VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and BCF, with values forrapid cells, elongation, STR, and LIN for samples in C3 containers being95% or more of the same parameters measured for samples in C2containers. Therefore, at 3 hours C3 containers perform the best for 5parameters and nearly equal to the second best performer, C2 containers,on 4 other parameters.

At 6 hours, semen samples in C3 containers show better results than forC1 and C2 containers for normalized motility, rapid cells, VAP, VSL,VCL, elongation, ALH, and BCF, with values for STR and LIN for samplesin C3 containers being 99% or more of the same parameters measured forsamples in C2 containers. Therefore, at 6 hours C3 containers performthe best for 8 parameters and nearly equal to the second best performer,C2 containers, on 2 other parameters.

TABLE 2 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 9 12 24 Containertype C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 Concentration (M/ml) 65.0 62.0 60.0 65.065.7 61.3 52.0 48.6 51.1 Motility (normalized, %) 36.7 39.6 29.2 16.631.2 12.0 11.6 4.6 12.5 Rapid Cells (normalized, %) 29.8 33.5 25.0 13.127.6 9.7 2.2 1.9 5.6 VAP (μm/sec) 36.2 32.1 36.9 27.0 24.3 20.5 6.2 9.86.2 VSL (μm/sec) 28.0 25.3 28.4 21.4 19.0 16.0 5.5 6.8 5.1 VCL (μm/sec)59.1 52.2 60.5 43.8 40.5 34.3 15.5 18.9 11.2 Elongation (μm) 67.3 59.368.4 62.4 52.4 36.2 26.7 22.7 13.4 AIH (μm) 3.58 3.21 3.83 2.51 2.312.18 1.12 0.78 0.98 BCF (Hz) 20.4 22.6 23.3 14.8 21.9 13.6 8.8 7.9 6.7STR (%) 75.9 68.6 75.2 61.7 57.0 42.1 29.8 23.3 16.6 LIN (%) 47.3 42.747.2 40.2 35.0 25.2 13.3 12.5 9.2 *Time measured from start time of test

In Table 2, results at 9 hours, semen samples in C3 containers showbetter results than for C1 and C2 containers for motility, rapid cells,VAP, VSL, VCL, elongation, and ALH, while remaining comparable for BCF,STR, and LIN. Data for 12 hours and 24 hours in Table 2 is believed tobe less accurate due to the accelerated aging at 37° C. Additionally,although average values are reported at 24 hours as there was a failureto record results for 3 donors. This is believed to be due toend-of-life conditions for the sperm.

These results are believed to show that C3 containers would showsuperior performance compared to C1 and C2 containers during the timeperiod from 0 to 24 hours after collection when used at roomtemperature.

In sum, Tables 1 and 2 are believed to show a preference for thecombination of antioxidants A3 and A4 over the combination ofantioxidants A3 and A5.

B. Equine Results

Test result at a number of time intervals for collection and storage ofprepared equine semen samples in containers of types C4, C5, and C6 arereported in Tables 3 and 4, below.

TABLE 3 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 6 9 12 24Container type C4 C5 C6 C4 C5 C6 C4 C5 C6 C4 C5 C6 Concentration (M/ml)63.9 75.9 62.1 62.2 80.8 63.1 68.8 84.7 64.7 66.4 68.4 71.5 Motility(normalized, %) 89.5 101.7 95.8 97.3 99.3 105.0 100.5 100.8 105.0 38.932.7 50.8 Rapid Cells (normalized, %) 114.2 156.8 142.3 120.4 155.3133.4 121.7 146.1 130.6 27.2 29.1 42.6 VAP (μm/sec) 102.9 120.0 116.6110.8 117.1 113.4 110.7 112.6 111.3 54.6 57.3 66.7 VSL (μm/sec) 62.575.4 74.2 61.0 68.2 66.6 60.2 65.0 62.6 32.2 36.8 40.9 VCL (μm/sec)194.0 223.5 213.4 217.5 225.3 223.3 217.1 216.4 216.3 116.6 113.2 133.9Elongation (μm) 59.7 61.4 60.4 60.9 62.0 60.1 60.0 60.3 60.7 58.3 57.957.6 ALH (μm) 7.69 8.13 7.59 8.44 8.62 7.98 8.38 8.43 8.06 8.18 8.007.87 BCF (Hz) 32.6 30.9 35.4 30.2 29.8 33.2 30.9 29.5 32.6 26.9 26.727.8 STR (%) 61.3 61.8 63.2 55.8 58.0 57.9 54.6 57.1 57.4 60.4 61.9 60.3LIN (%) 34.8 34.9 36.9 29.2 31.0 31.5 28.7 30.5 30.5 29.6 33.8 31.2*Time measured from start time of test

The three container types all show sufficient performance at 6 hours,with container C6 results being the best for just BCF, STR, and LIN,with values for normalized motility, VAP, VSL, VCL, and elongation forsamples in C6 containers being 94% or more of the same parametersmeasured for samples in the second best performer, C5 containers.Therefore, at 6 hours C6 containers perform the best for 3 parametersand nearly equal to the second best performer, C5 containers, on 5 otherparameters.

At 9 hours, semen samples in C6 containers show better results than forC4 and C5 containers for normalized motility, rapid cells, BCF, and LIN,with values for VAP, VSL, VCL, elongation, and STR for samples in C6containers being 97% or more of the same parameters measured for samplesin C5 containers. Therefore, at 9 hours C6 containers perform the bestfor 4 parameters and nearly equal to the second best performer, C5containers, on 5 other parameters.

At 12 hours, semen samples in C6 containers show better results than forC4 and C5 containers for normalized motility, elongation, BCF, and STR,with values for VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and LIN for samples in C6 containersbeing 96% or more of the same parameters measured for samples in C5containers. Therefore, at 12 hours C6 containers perform the best for 4parameters and nearly equal to the second best performer, C5, on 5 otherparameters.

At 24 hours, semen samples in C6 containers show better results than forC4 and C5 containers for normalized motility, rapid cell, VAP, VSL, VCL,and BCF, with values for elongation, ALH, and STR for samples in C6containers being 97% or more of the same parameters measured for samplesin C5 containers. Therefore, at 24 hours C6 containers perform the bestfor 6 parameters and nearly equal to the second best performer, C5, on 3other parameters.

In aggregate, the data from 6 to 24 hours shows a trend toward containerC6 showing an increasing performance advantage with time.

TABLE 4 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 48 72 96Container type C4 C5 C6 C4 C5 C6 C4 C5 C6 Concentration (M/ml) 68.1 69.071.5 66.2 60.5 65.9 51.8 56.8 60.6 Motility (normalized, %) 11.2 15.726.0 9.9 12.6 17.2 8.0 6.2 7.8 Rapid Cells (normalized, %) 7.2 8.4 15.64.3 9.0 13.4 3.6 5.6 4.2 VAP (μm/sec) 47.7 44.5 45.1 44.9 60.9 50.6 49.448.8 43.2 VSL (μm/sec) 27.6 27.6 29.8 29.6 44.6 31.2 33.9 30.2 28.7 VCL(μm/sec) 94.3 87.4 88.6 88.4 103.7 101.6 87.4 94.6 81.5 Elongation (μm)54.9 57.0 51.6 54.2 60.3 55.6 56.7 61.4 51.9 ALH (μm) 8.45 7.29 7.068.05 7.34 6.67 7.54 7.86 8.05 BCF (Hz) 22.2 25.2 21.8 30.4 20.8 28.127.1 25.7 21.3 STR (%) 57.9 58.2 56.0 60.5 67.0 59.4 63.7 58.6 57.0 LIN(%) 30.8 33.1 31.9 35.2 42.9 32.2 41.0 35.2 33.9 *Time measured fromstart time of test

At 48 hours, semen samples in C6 containers show better results than forC4 and C5 containers for normalized motility, rapid cells, VAP, VSL, andVCL, with values for ALH, STR, and LIN for samples in C6 containersbeing 96% or more of the same parameters measured for samples in C5containers. Therefore, at 48 hours C6 containers perform the best for 5parameters and nearly equal to the second best performer, C5 containers,on 4 other parameters.

At 72 hours, semen samples in C6 containers show better results than forC4 and C5 containers for normalized motility, rapid cells, and BCF, withvalues for VCL, elongation, and ALH for samples in C6 containers being91% or more of the same parameters measured for samples in C5containers. Therefore, at 72 hours C6 containers perform the best for 3parameters and nearly equal to the second best performer, C5 containers,on 3 other parameters.

At 96 hours, semen samples in C6 containers show better results than forC4 and C5 containers for normalized motility and ALH, with values forVSL, STR, and LIN for samples in C6 containers being 95% or more of thesame parameters measured for samples in C5 containers. Therefore, at 96hours C6 containers perform the best for 2 parameters and nearly equalto the second best performer, C5 containers, on 3 other parameters.

In sum, Tables 3 and 4 are believed to show that C6 containers showequal or superior performance compared to C4 and C5 containers duringthe time period from 0 to 96 hours after start of testing.

These results are also believed to show a preference for the combinationof antioxidants A3 and A4 over the combination of antioxidants A3 andA5.

C. Bovine Results

Test result at a number of time intervals for collection and storage ofprepared bovine semen samples in containers of types C1, C2 and C3 arereported in Tables 5 and 6, below. Acrosome analysis results are shownin Table 7.

TABLE 5 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 1 3 6 9 Containertype C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 Concentration (M/ml) 25.0 25.621.0 30.6 22.7 16.8 41.0 32.6 27.3 37.1 35.9 25.5 Motility (normalized,%) 57.9 65.1 85.4 36.3 60.1 74.4 27.2 36.2 72.5 11.1 32.7 29.7 RapidCells (normalized, %) 48.5 66.6 68.5 29.7 48.7 50.8 19.7 31.7 52.4 5.329.9 32.1 VAP (μm/sec) 73.8 88.8 74.9 73.8 74.7 70.7 54.5 86.1 67.2 57.587.0 84.5 VSL (μm/sec) 54.7 70.6 53.8 54.4 55.2 54.2 37.6 71.8 50.2 38.764.2 68.9 VCL (μm/sec) 155.9 177.7 153.4 147.4 151.3 143.3 124.2 160.2138.7 107.2 170.4 169.1 Elongation (μm) 41.7 42.7 39.3 37.3 45.0 47.340.3 37.7 41.7 50.0 40.0 43.3 ALH (μm) 7.27 8.43 8.03 8.13 8.37 7.706.17 7.73 7.87 2.67 6.17 7.07 BCF (Hz) 28.4 27.7 27.2 25.7 28.1 27.617.8 35.5 32.4 21.0 33.9 32.4 STR (%) 69.0 77.3 69.0 74.3 74.7 76.3 66.781.0 78.7 70.0 75.7 80.7 LIN (%) 36.7 40.7 36.3 38.7 38.0 39.3 31.0 45.345.0 38.7 40.7 43.0 *Time measured from start time of test

Table 5 shows normalized motility of cryopreserved bovine semen samplesincubated at standard room temperature (21° C.-23° C.) in a containersC1, C2, and C3 trends substantially higher for container C3 than forcontainers C1 and C2 for at least the first 6 hrs post-thaw (P<0.006),while remaining competitive at 9 hours.

Table 5 further shows normalized motility of cryopreserved bovine semensamples incubated at standard room temperature (21° C.-23° C.) in acontainers C1, C2, and C3 trends substantially higher for container C3than for containers C1 and C2 for all times tested through the first 9hours.

The three container types remain competitive at 1 hour. At 3 hours,semen samples in C3 containers show better results than for C1 and C2containers for VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and BCF, while remaining comparablefor motility, rapid cells, elongation, STR, and LIN. At 6 hours, semensamples in C3 containers show better results than for C1 and C2containers for motility, rapid cells, VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and BCF, whileremaining comparable for elongation, STR, and LIN.

At 3 hours, semen samples in C3 containers show better results than forC1 and C2 containers for normalized motility, rapid cell, elongation,STR, and LIN, with values for VAP, VSL, VCL, and BCF for samples in C3containers being 95% or more of the same parameter measured for samplesin C2 containers. Therefore, at 3 hours C3 containers perform the bestfor 5 parameters and substantially equal to the second best performer,C2 containers, on 4 other parameters.

At 6 hours, semen samples in C3 containers show better results than forC1 and C2 containers for normalized motility, rapid cell, elongation,and ALH, with values for STR and LIN for samples in C3 containers being97% or more of the same parameter measured for samples in C2 containers.Therefore, at 6 hours C3 containers perform the best for 4 parametersand substantially equal to the second best performer, C2 containers, on2 other parameters.

At 9 hours, semen samples in C3 containers show better results than forC1 and C2 containers for rapid cell, VSL, elongation, ALH, STR, and LIN,with values for VAP, VSL, and BCF for samples in C3 containers being 96%or more of the same parameter measured for samples in C2 containers.Therefore, at 9 hours C3 containers perform the best for 6 parametersand substantially equal to the second best performer, C2 containers, on3 other parameters.

TABLE 6 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 24 48 Containertype C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3 Concentration (M/ml) 48.1 35.1 33.7 42.4 36.023.9 Motility (normalized, %) 6.9 28.9 34.4 6.9 24.5 22.0 Rapid Cells(normalized, %) 1.8 28.7 29.3 2.6 22.3 17.1 VAP (μm/sec) 26.9 72.9 60.214.4 48.0 42.6 VSL (μm/sec) 18.7 58.9 48.4 11.0 34.9 36.1 VCL (μm/sec)50.7 165.2 119.5 28.4 93.9 86.6 Elongation (μm) 29.0 42.3 43.3 13.3 28.030.3 ALH (μm) 2.20 6.67 6.77 2.10 4.30 3.13 BCF (Hz) 18.9 31.4 25.4 7.014.5 25.8 STR (%) 45.7 75.7 75.7 26.3 47.7 56.0 LIN (%) 25.3 34.3 42.09.3 26.0 29.3 *Time measured from start time of test

Table 6 shows normalized motility of cryopreserved bovine semen samplesincubated at standard room temperature (21° C.-23° C.) in a containersC1, C2, and C3 continues the trend of container C3 outperformingcontainers C1 and C2 at 24 hours, while remaining competitive at 48hours.

At 24 hours, semen samples in C3 containers show better results than forC1 and C2 containers for normalized motility, rapid cells, elongation,ALH, and LIN, with values for STR for samples in C3 containers beingequal to the same parameter measured for samples in C2 containers.Therefore, at 9 hours C3 containers perform the best for 5 parametersand equal to the second best performer, C2 containers, on 1 otherparameter.

At 48 hours, semen samples in C3 containers show better results than forC1 and C2 containers for VSL, elongation, BCF, STR, and LIN, with valuesfor normalized motility and VCL for samples in C3 containers being 90%or more of the same parameter measured for samples in C2 containers.Therefore, at 48 hours C3 containers perform the best for 6 parametersand competitive with the second best performer, C2 containers, on 2other parameter.

These results are also believed to show a preference for the combinationof antioxidants A3 and A4 over the combination of antioxidants A3 andA5.

These results are believed to show that C3 containers would showsuperior performance compared to C1 and C2 containers during the timeperiod from 0 to 24 hours after collection when used at roomtemperature.

In sum, Tables 5 and 6 are believed to show a preference for thecombination of antioxidants A3 and A4 over the combination ofantioxidants A3 and A5.

Acrosome Results

(% Cells Intact)

TABLE 7 Time Container (hrs)* C1 C2 C3 1 30 42 41 6 11 37 40 24 4 29 36*time from start of test

Acrosome status of cryopreserved bovine semen samples at 1, 6, and 24hours post-thaw after incubation in a containers C1, C2, and C3. Cellsincubated in the container C3 demonstrated significantly more intactacrosomes and functional mitochondria than container C1 at all timestested and container C2 at all times tested after 1 hour. Further,container C3 maintained significantly higher numbers of intact acrosomesthru 24 hours and more functional mitochondria from 6 hours whencompared to container C2.

In summary, the human, equine, and bovine semen testing in containersC1, C2, and C3 show that container C3 has a new and useful combinationof performance characteristics relative to containers C1 and C2.Although not every sperm attribute showed improvement with container C3for every time tested, there were a significant number of attributesimproved for a significant number of times tested indicating that spermkinematics and morphology are maintained for a longer time periodregardless of whether sperm was fresh, thawed, or incubated at highertemperature. In addition, results indicate P2 containing A3/A4outperformed P1 containing A3/A5, or A4 resulting in better performancethat A5.

D. Leaching Analysis

As mentioned above, no antioxidant compounds were detected in the media,suggesting all scavenging took place at the media/container interface asdesigned. At no time where the antioxidants found to present in themedia in any of containers C1, C2, or C3.

E. Film Testing Results

TABLE 8 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 1 3 Film F1 F2 F3F4 F5 F6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Concentration 16.9 18.0 35.0 14.3 16.8 22.411.3 26.3 20.0 18.4 18.5 12.0 (Mimi) Motility 97 98 107 90 90 103 111108 122 83 121 86 (normalized, %) Rapid Cells 103 100 112 74 100 112 12196 101 90 125 98 (normalized, %) VAP (μm/sec) 43.5 44.1 45.4 41.2 51.947.4 42.9 42.3 42.6 43.5 47.1 44.3 VSL (μm/sec) 30.6 33.0 34.3 31.7 40.138.3 31.7 31.6 32.4 33.2 35.5 31.9 VCL (μm/sec) 75.9 79.2 81.6 77.6 95.784.1 77.8 77.7 74.3 77.8 85.8 80.7 Elongation (μm) 67.0 65.7 66.7 66.363.0 64.0 65.0 67.0 68.0 68.3 67.0 67.3 ALH (μm) 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.3 4.95.5 5.7 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.2 BCF (Hz) 18.7 20.6 21.7 24.0 20.8 20.8 17.9 22.522.6 18.2 19.3 21.9 STR (%) 69.0 74.0 74.3 76.7 75.7 78.3 72.7 74.7 76.075.0 73.7 70.7 LIN (%) 40.3 42.7 42.7 42.0 44.0 45.3 41.3 41.7 44.0 43.041.7 40.0 *Time measured from start time of test

TABLE 9 Test Parameter Test Results Test time* (hours) 12 24 Containertype F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Concentration 10.7 27.5 15.715.6 7.5 19.9 11.1 23.5 15.9 11.3 8.3 12.9 (M/ml) Motility 40 62 109 8366 75 40 69 86 84 84 98 (normalized, %) Rapid Cells 38 60 107 79 65 8041 67 83 90 95 103 (normalized, %) VAP (μm/sec) 29.7 38.8 40.1 37.1 36.341.7 36.0 34.1 39.0 39.1 33.3 43.2 VSL (μm/sec) 19.6 28.0 28.7 25.8 24.829.3 23.7 24.7 27.5 27.6 23.5 31.8 VCL (μm/sec) 54.5 66.5 71.9 66.2 66.874.6 64.4 63.6 70.2 68.2 60.9 77.0 Elongation (μm) 42.7 65.0 65.3 68.072.7 70.0 70.0 72.0 67.0 71.7 67.3 70.0 ALH (μm) 4.0 3.9 5.1 3.7 3.7 5.24.6 4.1 5.3 3.7 3.0 4.6 BCF (Hz) 13.2 19.2 18.8 21.2 19.1 19.9 18.5 22.620.6 19.1 23.2 18.0 STR (%) 44.7 71.7 71.0 68.3 66.3 67.7 65.3 72.3 71.069.0 70.3 71.0 LIN (%) 24.7 42.7 40.0 39.3 37.3 38.0 38.7 41.7 39.7 40.338.3 40.3 *Time measured from start time of test

Normalized rapid cells values were evaluated as a good indicator ofsample health and is simply the normalized value normalized rapid cells(observed rapid cells at time point/initial preprocessed observed*100yielding %).

The overall measurement was a ranked sum of five values: normalizedmotility, normalized rapid cells, VAP, STR, and LIN. The six films wereranked best to worse for each single parameter (1-6) the resulting fivesets of ranks were compared using ANOVA and Tukey's mean separation toestablish differences in the reaction of the sperm cells to the films.

TABLE 10 Mean % or Overall Normalized Comparison Film Antioxidant RapidCells of Films F1 N/A 90.1 2 F2 A1 94.1 5.8 F3 A2 106 6.4 F4 A3 95.7 5.6F5 A4 81.1 2.6 F6 A6 108.1 6.6

Films F2, F3, F4, and F6 show improvement in mean % normalized rapidcells compared to the control film F1 without antioxidant. Film 5underperforms compared to control film F1. Films F3 and F6 show the bestperformance. Films F2 and F4 show the second tier of performance behindF3 and F6.

Films F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6, all including antioxidant, showimprovement overall comparison parameter. Films F3 and F6 show the bestperformance. Films F2 and F4 show the second tier of performance behindF3 and F6. Film F5 shows the third tier of performance behind F3 and F6.

Films F3 and F6 contain antioxidants A2 and A6 respectively. Films F2and F4 contain antioxidants A1 and A3, respectively. Film F5 containsantioxidant A4. Results suggest hindered amine antioxidants providebetter results than phosphite type antioxidants, and phosphite typeantioxidants provide better results than phenol type antioxidants.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described indetail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions andalterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, thescope of the present application is not intended to be limited to theparticular embodiments of the apparatuses, methods, compositions, and/ordevices described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in theart will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the presentinvention, apparatuses, methods, compositions, and/or devices, presentlyexisting or later to be developed that perform substantially the samefunction or achieve substantially the same result as the correspondingembodiments described herein, may be utilized according to the presentinvention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to includewithin their scope such apparatuses, methods, compositions, and/ordevices.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for collecting and/or storingmammalian semen, the apparatus comprising: a first vessel having acollection means at the upper end of the first vessel and a reservoir atthe lower end of the first vessel, wherein: the collection means isconfigured to facilitate flow by gravity of the mammalian semen into thereservoir; the first vessel comprises a blend of a polyolefin and anantioxidant; the reservoir has a first inner surface, and at least aportion of the first inner surface comprises the antioxidant in anamount effective to reduce oxidation damage to the mammalian semen; andthe antioxidant is selected from one or more of the group consisting of:a. a phenolic having a melting point greater than or equal to 60° C.; b.an aromatic amine; c. a sterically hindered amine; d. a hydroxylamine;e. an amine oxide derivative; and f. less than or equal to 0.1 wt. % ofa phosphite and/or phosphonite, based on the weight of the blend.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a lid suited for sealableattachment to the first vessel.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a reservoir seal.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thereservoir has a first inner surface defining a volume within thereservoir, and the first inner surface comprises geometric surfacefeatures suited to increase the ratio of the area of the first innersurface to the volume defined by the first inner surface area.
 5. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the polyolefin is selected from one of thegroup consisting of: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, orcombinations thereof.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theantioxidant is chemically and/or physically bonded to the first innersurface.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the antioxidant ischemically and/or physically bonded to the first inner surface.
 8. Amethod for preserving spermatozoa motility comprising: collecting asemen sample of a first volume in an apparatus, wherein the semen samplehas a first normalized motility; combining the semen sample with anextender solution of a second volume to form an extended semen sample,wherein the ratio of the second volume to the first volume is in therange of from 0.5 to 2.0: sealing the extended semen sample in theapparatus; maintaining the semen sample at a temperature in the range offrom 20° C. to 30° C. for a time period in the range of from 1 hour to 6hours; and recovering a the extended semen sample, wherein the extendedsemen sample has a second normalized motility, and the ratio of thesecond normalized motility to the first normalized motility is greaterthan or equal to 0.7; wherein the apparatus comprises: a first vesselhaving a collection means at the upper end of the first vessel and areservoir at the lower end of the first vessel, wherein: the collectionmeans is configured to facilitate flow by gravity of the mammalian semeninto the reservoir; the first vessel comprises a blend of a polyolefinand an antioxidant; the reservoir has a first inner surface, and atleast a portion of the first inner surface comprises the antioxidant inan amount effective to reduce oxidation damage to the mammalian semen;and the antioxidant is selected from one or more of the group consistingof: a. a phenolic having a melting point greater than or equal to 60°C.; b. an aromatic amine; c. a sterically hindered amine; d. ahydroxylamine; e. an amine oxide; and f. less than or equal to 0.1 wt. %of a phosphite and/or phosphonite, based on the weight of the blend. 9.The method of claim 8, further comprising a lid suited for sealableattachment to the first vessel.
 10. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising a reservoir seal.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein thereservoir has a first inner surface defining a volume within thereservoir, and the first inner surface comprises geometric surfacefeatures suited to increase the ratio of the area of the first innersurface to the volume defined by the first inner surface area.
 12. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the polyolefin is selected from one of thegroup consisting of: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, orcombinations thereof.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein the antioxidantis chemically and/or physically bonded to the first inner surface. 14.The method of claim 8, wherein the antioxidant is chemically and/orphysically bonded to the first inner surface.